Ammonium salts, quaternary fractionation using

Heparin can be attached to a variety of surfaces by means of complex formation with quaternary ammonium salts. Depending on the method used to attach heparin, the resulting surfaces may or may not release heparin when contacted with blood plasma. The removal of heparin from surfaces by plasma protein fractions was studied and it was found that alpha-globulins removed greater amounts than any other fraction. Heparinized surfaces adsorb proteins when exposed to blood or plasma. However, with the possible exception of thrombin, there is no consistent pattern of protein adsorption which can be related to their nonthrombogenicity. 

The preparation of DEQ is well known in the patent art. The reaction of about two equivalents of fatty acid (or fatty acid methyl ester) with one mole of triethanolamine (followed by quater-nization by dimethyl sulfate) results in a mixture of mono-, di-, and triesteramines quaternary ammonium salts. U.S. Patent 5750492 and U.S. Patent application 2002/0025915A exemplify that by adjusting the reaction conditions (molar ratio of fatty acid fraction to tertiary amine, temperature, ratio of cis to trans isomer in the unsaturated fatty group) to limit the amount of triesterquat content, liquid softener concentrates with as high as 22-28% actives can be produced. Some other useful examples of liquid concentrates can be found in patents U.S. 545340 and U.S. 5574179. 

In another study, Arkin and Hazer modified the PHA-Cl into quaternary ammonium salts, thiosulfate moieties and phenyl derivatives. In addition, they cross-linked the modified PHA-Cl with benzene by electrophilic aromatic substitution using a Friedel-Crafts reaction. The random composition of PHA-Cl was calculated from its H NMR spectrum by comparing the relative peak areas of the methine protons on the polymer backbone. Hence, increased chlorination of the methyl protons caused the peak of methine protons to be moved further downfield. In addition, the PHA-Cl mole fractions were calculated by comparing the peak areas of protons on chlorinated a-carbons and protons on p-carbons. Samsuddin et al. ° described a process for the direct fluorination of PHBHHx at elevated pressure in the... 

Ionic liquids based on chloroaluminates (the most common form of Lewis acidic or basic ionic liquids) are formed by reacting a quaternary ammonium chloride salt [QAm]" with aluminium chloride (AICI3) in various ratios [94]. Common examples are l-ethyl-3-methyl imidazoUum chloride ([EMIm]Cl) and l-(l-butyl)pyridinium chloride ([BuPy]Cl) [95]. A Lewis base, neutral species or acid is formed by varying the ratio of the two components of the ionic liquid. Using the letter N to represent the mole fraction of AICI3 in the melt [96], the following classification is given for these ionic liquids ... 

---