Ammonium and Potassium

Formic acid is a good reducing agent in the presence of Pd on carbon as a catalyst. Aromatic nitro compounds are reduced to aniline with formic acid[100]. Selective reduction of one nitro group in 2,4-dinitrotoluene (112) with triethylammonium formate is possible[101]. o-Nitroacetophenone (113) is first reduced to o-aminoacetophenone, then to o-ethylaniline when an excess of formate is used[102]. Ammonium and potassium formate are also used for the reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds. Pd on carbon is a good catalyst[103,104]. NaBH4 is also used for the Pd-catalyzed reduction of nitro compounds 105]. However, the ,/)-unsaturated nitroalkene 114 is partially reduced to the oxime 115 with ammonium formate[106]... 

Orthophosphate salts are generally prepared by the partial or total neutralization of orthophosphoric acid. Phase equiUbrium diagrams are particularly usehil in identifying conditions for the preparation of particular phosphate salts. The solution properties of orthophosphate salts of monovalent cations are distincdy different from those of the polyvalent cations, the latter exhibiting incongment solubiUty in most cases. The commercial phosphates include alkah metal, alkaline-earth, heavy metal, mixed metal, and ammonium salts of phosphoric acid. Sodium phosphates are the most important, followed by calcium, ammonium, and potassium salts. 

Imports and Exports. The United States has long been a significant importer of vanadium slags, but imports of pentoxide were negligible until they rose quickly to 850 metric tons ia 1974, and 2000 t ia 1975 (mostly from the Repubhc of South Africa). Peatoxide imports thea decliaed to 1400 t ia 1980 with Finland being the maia and South Africa the minor suppHers. In recent years, U.S. imports of ammonium and potassium vanadates and of other vanadium compounds have been 100—200 t/yr, mainly from the U.K., Germany, and the RepubHc of South Africa. 

MMA onto cellulose was carried out by Hecker de Carvalho and Alfred using ammonium and potassium persulfates as radical initiators [30]. Radical initiators such as H2O2, BPO dicumylperoxide, TBHP, etc. have also been used successfully for grafting vinyl monomers onto hydrocarbon backbones, such as polypropylene and polyethylene. The general mechanism seems to be that when the polymer is exposed to vinyl monomers in the presence of peroxide under conditions that permit decomposition of the peroxide to free radicals, the monomer becomes attached to the backbone of the polymer and pendant chains of vinyl monomers are grown on the active sites. The basic mechanism involves abstraction of a hydrogen from the polymer to form a free radical to which monomer adds ... 

Both ammonium and potassium thiocyanates are usually available as deliquescent solids the analytical-grade products are, however, free from chlorides and other interfering substances. An approximately 0.1M solution is, therefore, first prepared, and this is standardised by titration against standard 0.1 JVf silver nitrate. 

Modification of the burning rates, pressure exponents, and temp coefficients of burning rate of the fluorocarbon composites has been accomplished with copper, lead, tin, sodium, ammonium and potassium fluoborates sodium, potassium, lithium, lead, copper and calcium fluorides potassium and ammonium dichromate lead and zinc stearate cesium carbonate potassium and ammonium sulfate copper chromite oxides of magnesium, copper and manganese boron zinc dust and carbon black (Ref 75)... 

M. C. Drew, Comparison of the effects of a localized supply of phosphate, nitrate, ammonium and potassium on the growth of the seminal root system, and the shoot, in barley. New Pliyiol. 75 479 (1975). 

The low electroosmotic flow (EOF) of the PMMA chip material facilitated the rapid switching between analyses of explosive-related cations and anions using the same microchannel and run buffer (and without an EOF modifier) [29], This led to a rapid (<1 min) measurement of seven explosive-related cations and anions down to the low micromolar level. The presence of an 18-crown-6 ether modifier in the run buffer allowed separation of the peaks of the co-migrating ammonium and potassium ions. 

Fig. 28.—Solubility Curve of Binary Mixtures of Ammonium and Potassium Chlorides.

The ammonium and potassium salts of orthopervanadic acid have also been prepared.1... 

If a solution of RhCl3 is treated with NaNC>2, the very soluble sodium hexanitntorhodate(III). Naalkaline solution makes it useful for refining, as many base metals are precipitated as their hydroxides under these conditions. The analogous ammonium and potassium salts are relatively insoluble. 

H. Schiff claimed to have prepared PO(NH2)3, or phosphoryl triamide, by slowly leading a current of dry ammonia into cold phosphoryl chloride until the mass was quite sat. The ammonium chloride was washed from the product of the action with cold or warm water, and phosphoric triamide remained as a snow-white powder. H. Schiff claimed that the compound is scarcely attacked by boiling water, an aq. soln. of potassium hydroxide, or dil. acids but that it is slowly attacked by cone, acids. When fused with potassium hydroxide, ammonium and potassium phosphates are formed and when heated out of contact with air, ammonia, and phosphoryl nitrile are produced PO(NH2)3=PON-fi2NH3. J. H. Gladstone, A. Mente, and H. N. Stokes failed to confirm the preparation of H. Schiff s triphosphoramide. According to J. H. Gladstone, the third atom of chlorine cannot be replaced by an amido-group at any temp, below that at which further decomposition occurs (300°). The product of the action of ammonia on phosphoryl chloride is a mixture of ammonium salts of amido- and imido-tetra-phosphoric acids. 

The concentrations obtained with the electronic tongue, are compared with the reference expected concentrations. Figs. 45.12 and 45.13 show the results for the group of training samples for the ammonium and potassium ion s concentration. A great correlation can be observed... 

Fig. 2.5 (a) Ion chromatography of lithium, sodium, ammonium and potassium, (b) ion chromatography of magnesium, calcium and strontium, (c) ion chromatography of transition metals, (d) ion chromatography of lithium, sodium, ammonium and potassium... 

Most metal salts are also highly soluble in water. However, rubidium, cesium, mercurous, and thallous salts are insoluble. Ammonium and potassium salts are often insoluble this property is used in the determination of phosphorus by precipitation as (NH4)3[PMo12O40] 2 HN03 xH20. 

The free acids and most salts are readily soluble. The normal ammonium and potassium salts are sparingly soluble in cold water, but dissolve in warm acidic solutions. The silver salts are insoluble. 

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