Ammoniated Type

SOURCE Pilot Chemical Co. Household Cleaner Formulations 

Add ingredients in order shown and dissolve completely between each addition. 

Combine Phase I ingredients and mix thoroughly. Combine Phase II ingredients and mix thoroughly. While mixing, add Phase I to Phase II. 

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Fig. 15. Cutaway view of a TVA-type ammoniator-granulator for production of granular ammonium phosphates or NPK cogranulated mixtures.

Fig. 19. TVA-type ammoniator—granulator incorporating a pipe cross reactor. 1, ammonia sparger, located at the 4 o clock position 11.4 cm from granulation shell with holes facing the rotating stream 2, phosphoric acid sparger, located to discharge phosphoric acid onto the top and near the center of the rotating bed of materials 3, pipe cross reactor 4, scmbber Hquor distributor, located above the bed in granulator to dribble scmbber Hquor onto bed.

Fig. 20. U.S. market share for several types of mixed fertilizer, where (—) represents bulk blends (-) ammoniation—granulation and ( ) fluids.

Lewis Bases. A variety of other ligands have been studied, but with only a few of the transition metals. There is still a lot of room for scoping work in this direction. Other reactant systems reported are ammoni a(2e), methanol (3h), and hydrogen sulfide(3b) with iron, and benzene with tungsten (Tf) and plati num(3a). In a qualitative sense all of these reactions appear to occur at, or near gas kinetic rates without distinct size selectivity. The ammonia chemisorbs on each collision with no size selective behavior. These complexes have lower ionization potential indicative of the donor type ligands. Saturation studies have indicated a variety of absorption sites on a single size cluster(51). 

FIGURE 26-5 Immunohistochemical localization of type I corticosteroid receptor (mineralocorticoid receptor) in the rat hippocampus. (A) Mineralocorticoid immunoreactivity is concentrated in pyramidal cell fields of the cornu ammonis (CA2). (B) High-power photomicrograph shows that steroid-bound mineralocorticoid receptors are primarily localized to neuronal cell nuclei. (Courtesy of Dr James P. Herman, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky.)... 

Although beryllium and magnesium salts do not form stable mctal-ammines yet they unite with ammonia, forming additive compounds of the hydrate type which are sometimes referred to as ammoniates or ammonio-compounds. These appear to be of the same type as the metal-anunines, and the difference seems to be merely one of stability. The ammonio-compounds are formed by the addition of ammonia gas to dry or fused salt, and most of them decompose with liberation of ammonia when dissolved in water. 

The preneutralizer slurry is pumped at a controlled rate to a rotary-drum, ammoniator-granulator there it is distributed onto a rolling bed of recycled solids. The most commonly used metering system for the preneutralized slurry is a variable-speed centrifugal pump with automatic control from a magnetic flowmeter. Some plants have had success with a magnetic flowmeter and automatic control valve of a special ball type. 

Fig. 24.16. Sparger location under rolling bed in TVA-type ammoniator-granulator. (CourtesyTVA.)...

The most popular scheme by which solution-type fertilizers are made from low-conversion, wet-process superphosphoric acid is outlined in Fig. 24.20. The first step is ammoniation of the acid to produce ammonium polyphosphate base solution. By carrying out this ammoniation in a pipe reactor, a temperature of over 200°C is developed, which promotes an increase in polyphosphate content to 65-70 percent of total P2Os in the ammoni-ated acid.39,40 The grade of the resultant base is usually 10-34-0 an 11-37-0 grade can be made, but its storage properties are not as... 

Ion-dipole complexes ( n), from an ion combined with dipole molecules such as water and ammonia. As far as the type of bonding is concerned, we meet in this case also both the electrostatic bonding, as in the hydrates [Mg(H20)6]2+, and the electron pair bond in the ammoniates, for example, such as that of trivalent cobalt [Co(NH3)6]3+. 

As seen in Table 11.1.2, the caramels of type 1 form mainly furans and cyclopentenones and do not show nitrogen containing compounds. Caramels of type 3 (ammoniated caramels) contain a variety of pyrazines and no hydroxymethylfurfural, while the type 4 caramels contain both pyrazines and furans. Pyrolysis of caramel colors of type 4 also generates a certain amount of SO2. 

G. V. Amerongen, D. Guyomard, R. Heindl, M. Herlem, and J. L. Sculfort, Photoelectrochemical behavior of p-type Si single crystals in liquid ammonia and in liquid ammoniate of sodium iodide, J. Electrochem. Soc. 129, 1998, 1982. 

Solutions of alkali metals in ammonia have been the best studied, but other metals and other solvents give similar results. The alkaline earth metals except- beryllium form similar solutions readily, but upon evaporation a solid ammoniate," MINI-lj),. is formed. Lanthanide elements with stable + 2 oxidation states (europium, ytterbium) also form solutions. Cathodic reduction of solutions of aluminum iodide, beryllium chloride, and tetraalkylammonium halides yields blue solutions, presumably containing Al, 3e Be", 2e and R4N, e respectively. Other solvents such as various amines, ethers, and hexamethylphosphoramide have been investigated and show some propensity to form this type of solution. Although none does so as readily as ammonia, stabilization of the cation by complexation results in typical blue solutions... 

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