Ammonia boiling temperature

Because of the high molecular weight materials at the upper end of the boiling range for medium lube oil stocks, the desorption technique of choice should probably employ a displacement chemical with a high heat of adsorption, in order to overcome the high heat of adsorption of the in-paraffins. Ammonia at temperatures near 660 K and near atmospheric pressure appears to have good potential. 

The temperature difference between inlet and outlet temperature at the coil(s) of the refrigerant should be small, to ensure a uniform condensation on the total coil. On warmer areas no ice will condense until the temperature at the ice surface has increased to the warmer temperature on the coil. For large surfaces it is necessary to use several coils or plates in parallel, each of which must be separately temperature controlled. If the condenser is operated in an overflow mode (this applies to condensers that are operated with ammonia), the weight of the liquid column should not change the boiling temperature of the liquid at the bottom of the column measurably. 

In the dyeing processfor wool, a nonionic or weakly cationic leveling agent is added to the liquor, and the pH adjusted to 3-4 with formic or acetic acid. The process is started at 40°C, and after some time the pH is adjusted to 5-6 with sodium dihydrogenphosphate. Dyeing is conducted at boiling temperature for 1 h. To eliminate hydrolyzed dye, an aftertreatment is performed at 80°C with ammonia (pH 8.5-9.0). The last rinsing bath is weakly acidified. 

In the dyeing process, the dyeing bath is made weakly acidic (pH 4.5-5). The process is started at 20-45 °C, followed by heating at a rate of l°C/min and dyeing at near boiling temperature. Aftertreatment (soaping) is performed with a nonionic surfactant and sodium bicarbonate or ammonia at 95 °C. 

In the dyeing process, the pH is adjusted with sulfuric acid to 1.9-2.2 (pH 2.5 in the presence of auxiliary agents). After addition of sodium sulfate, the dyebath is heated to 40-50°C then the dissolved dye is added. Dyeing is carried out at boiling temperature for 90 min. The material is then cooled and rinsed ammonia or sodium acetate can be added to the last rinsing bath. A lowering of the dyeing temperature to 80 °C is possible in the presence of an ethoxylated fatty amine (pH 1.9-2.2). 

The ammonia and sodium are combined in the presence of a catalytic amount of Fe(N03)3 9H20 at the boiling temperature of NH3 to obtain a solution of NaNH2 in liquid NH3. The ether, ethylene diamine and allene are then added in that order. After a reaction period of about 4.5 hours, quenching and work up, 54.4 grams of distilled product (63.5% acetylene) was obtained. 

In very pure nonpolar dielectric liquids, electron injection currents at very sharp tips follow the Fowler-Nordheim voltage dependence (Halpem and Gomer, 1969), just as is the case in solid insulators, and in a gas, as described before. In a study of the electrochemical behavior of CNT cathodes (Krivenko et al., 2007) direct experimental proof was found of electron emission into the liquid hexamethylphosphortriamide, which was chosen because it is a convenient solvent for the visualization of solvated electrons at room temperature the solution will show an intense blue coloration upon the presence of solvated electrons. Electron spin resonance showed prove of a free electron. Electrogenerated (as opposed to photogenerated) solvated electrons have been used in the synthesis of L-histidinol (Beltra et al., 2005), albeit that in that work the electrons were generated electrochemically from a solution of LiCl in EtNH2, which is a solvent that is easier to handle than liquid ammonia (boiling points at atmospheric pressure are 17 °C and -33.34 °C, respectively). 

As compared with water, ammonia s increased ability to dissolve hydrophobic organic molecules suggests an increased difficulty in using the hydrophobic effect to generate compartmentalization in ammonia, relative to water. This in turn implies that the liposome, a compartment that works in water, generally will not work in liquid ammonia. Hydrophobic phase separation is possible in ammonia, however, albeit at lower temperatures. For example, Brunner reported that liquid ammonia and hydrocarbons form two phases, where the hydrocarbon chain contains from 1 to 36 CH2 units.5 Different hydrocarbons become miscible with ammonia at different temperatures and pressures. Thus, formation of ammonia-phobic and ammonia-philic phases, analogous to the hydrophobic and hydrophilic phases in water, useful for isolation would be conceivable in liquid ammonia at temperatures well below its boiling point at standard pressures. 

A perfect example is the difference between methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), and water (H20). The dramatic difference in boiling temperatures of CH4 (-162°C), NH3 (—33°C), and H20 (100°C) is due to the greater hydrogen bonding between the more polar molecules. 

If, however, the precipitate of diphenylurea is too small to weigh accurately, it is converted to ammonia and determined colorimetrically by the Nessler method. In this procedure, the filter paper is removed from the funnel and placed in a small beaker 4 ml. pure sulphuric acid (66° Be) are added, allowing this to flow slowly over the platinum spiral and through the funnel so as to wash off all traces of adherent precipitate. To the mixture obtained in this way 10 mgm. mercuric sulphate are added and the whole is then kept near boiling temperature for 2 hours. After allowing to cool, 20 ml. distilled water are added and the mixture is transferred to a 200-ml. flask containing 0-25 gm. sodium thiosulphate dissolved in 100 ml. water to remove the mercury. The beaker is washed with water which is added to the contents of the flask until the total volume is about 150 ml. and the ammonia determined in this. 

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