Amino acids peptide arrays

Abstract This review provides an overview of some of the more recent work directed to exploit radical-based chemistry for the modification of some of Natures most important biomolecules, such as amino acids, peptides, and carbohydrates. Radical reactions are particularly advantageous for carrying out a variety of structural modifications on biomolecules as the reaction conditions are typically compatible with a wide variety of functional groups and solvents. An array of effective synthetic transformations will he discussed including selective side chain and backbone modifications of amino acids and peptides, along with methods for the transformation of carbohydrate substituents, as well as fragmentation and cyclizations reactions for the preparation of either structurally modified carbohydrates or chiral building blocks. 

The most frequent application of SPOT-synthesis has been in the preparation of peptide arrays for the identification of linear B-cell epitopes. If the protein antigen is known, a set of overlapping peptides that encompass the entire sequence can be readily synthesized and assayed for binding of antibody (Reineke et al., 1999). The individual residues critical for binding can then be determined by SPOT-synthesis of peptides containing amino acid substitutions. 

Figure 7.5. Peptide array construction by SPOT-synthesis. fl-alanine groups (b-A) interact with the cellulose filter that serves as a planar support. Peptide synthesis then proceeds using Fmoc chemistries using the fl-alanine group as a starting point. The peptide is attached to the filter via its carboxy-terminus. In this case, lysine is added at the second position and various amino acids are present at the amino terminus of the peptide.

Figure 16.6 illustrates the proposed sequence of events during immuno-histochemistry staining with the peptide array. Amino acids are represented as circles. Each peptide is a string of amino acids that are covalently... 

A method for determination of the aromatic amino acid phenylalanine (45), tyrosine (46) and tryptophan (47) content of peptides at low microgram levels is based on size-exclusion HPLC combined with UVD using a diode array, and data processing of the... 

Cyclic peptides with an even number of amino acids and alternating d- and l-configuration have been shown to form nanotubes by a continuous array of hydrogen bonds above and below the ring planes (see Section 6.8.6.1). 

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