American Telephone and Telegraph

Bell System Technical Journal, American Telephone and Telegraph Co., 195 Broadway, New... 

The scientists who developed the early computers in the 1950 s recognized the advantage of connecting computing devices. Teletype machines were in common use at that time, and many of the early computers were networked with these teletype machines over wired networks. By 1960, American Telephone and Telegraph (AT T) had developed the first modem to allow terminal access to mainframes, and in 1964, IBM and American Airlines... 

Obfuscation. For example, consider the UNIX wars. UNIX is an open standard (see below), and for years several different versions have been available. Vendors have been under pressure to support a single version. American Telephone and Telegraph (AT T) and SUN recently announced their intentions to build and support a single version of UNIX. With motives that have been questioned by some observers, many other computer vendors have responded by joining together as the Open Software Foundation (OSF) to produce their own standard version of UNIX. This is, of course, nonsense, and destroys the concept of standards. A software vendor would have to build for, and test extensively in, both OEs in order to deliver a quality product. 

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