Amalgams ternary amalgam

NaK29Hg48 A Complex Ternary Amalgam With Mercury Acting as a Pseudo Group 13 Element [9]... 

The extended ternary complex model [23] was conceived after it was clear that receptors could spontaneously activate G-proteins in the absence of agonist. It is an amalgam of the ternary complex model [12] and two-state theory that allows proteins to spontaneously exist in two conformations, each having different properties with respect to other proteins and to ligands. Thus, two receptor species are described [Ra] (active state receptor able to activate G-proteins) and [RJ (inactive state receptors). These coexist according to an allosteric constant (L = [Ra]/[Ri]) ... 

Metal-induced reductive dimerization of carbonyl compounds is a useful synthetic method for the formation of vicinally functionalized carbon-carbon bonds. For stoichiometric reductive dimerizations, low-valent metals such as aluminum amalgam, titanium, vanadium, zinc, and samarium have been employed. Alternatively, ternary systems consisting of catalytic amounts of a metal salt or metal complex, a chlorosilane, and a stoichiometric co-reductant provide a catalytic method for the formation of pinacols based on reversible redox couples.2 The homocoupling of aldehydes is effected by vanadium or titanium catalysts in the presence of Me3SiCl and Zn or A1 to give the 1,2-diol derivatives high selectivity for the /-isomer is observed in the case of secondary aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes. 

Na-K alloys are used in heat-exchange systems. Ternary alloy 10.1 at.% Na, 47.4 at.% K and 42.5 at.% Cs (L (Cs) + (K) + (CsNa2, KNa2)) probably has the lowest known melting point (—76°C) of all the metallic systems. Sodium amalgams, owing to their reducing properties, can be used in chemical synthesis processes. 

Alloy formation is of great technological importance. Indeed, the Bronze Age, Iron Age, and other epochal historical transformations are characteristically identified with metallurgical advances in alloying. Well-known binary or ternary alloys that underlie aspects of modem life include bronze (Cu/Sn), brass (Cu/Zn), stainless steel (Fe/Ni/Cr), coinage and jewelry metals (Au/Ni, Ag/Cu), amalgams (Hg/Ag/Cu), and aluminum can material (Al/Mn), among many others. 

Vanadium(V) is reduced to V(II) in 1 M H2SO4 by zinc amalgam. After addition of thiocyanate and pyridine, and adjustment of the pH to 5.2-5.5, the ternary complex is extracted with CHCI3. Hydrogen peroxide is used to strip vanadium [4]. 

Some of these binary and ternary phases have been studied to a larger extent because of special physical and/or mechanical properties. Of particular interest are the Cu phases CuZn, Cu j +1, 3,Zn i 2.3,Al, and (Cu,Ni)3Al, on which the Cu-Zn-Al and Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloys are based and which are the subject of the following sections. In addition, the Cu-Au phases CU3AU and CuAu and the Cu-Sn phases Cu3Sn and Cu Snj will be addressed, which are important constituents of Cu-Au alloys and amalgams for dental restorative applications. 

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