Alpha-ketoglutaric acid

Hume AS, Mozigo JR, McIntyre B, et al. 1995. Antidotal efficacy of alpha-ketoglutaric acid and sodium thiosulfate in cyanide poisoning. Clinical Toxicol 33(6) 721-724. 

Figure 1. Total ion current of n-butyl esters of the acidic fraction from non-sterile leaf washings of C. sativa. Key 1 = oxalic acid 2 = malonic acid 3 = maleic acid 4 = succinic acid 5 = fumaric acid 6 = alpha-ketoglutaric acid 7 = cis-aconitic acid 8 = citric acid (19)-...

Phyllanthus simplex Ketziu Dan Ye Xiz Zhu (leaf) Alpha-ketoglutaric acid, simplexine.57-211 212 Treat sore eyes, hepatitis, mammary gland infection. 

Dogra, J. V. V. and S. . P. Sinha. 1979. Observation of the age related changes in the level of alpha-ketoglutaric acid in leaves of Phyllanthus simplex (Retz.). Comp. Physiol. Ecol. 4 35-37. 

Since in the citric acid cycle there is no net production of its intermediates, mechanisms must be available for their continual production. In the absence of a supply of oxalacetic acid, acctaic" cannot enter the cycle. Intermediates for the cycle can arise from the carinxylation of pyruvic acid with CO, (e.g., to form malic acid), the addition of CO > to phosphcnnlpyruvic acid to yield oxalacetic acid, the formation of succinic acid from propionic acid plus CO, and the conversion of glutamic acid and aspartic acid to alpha-ketoglutaric acid and oxalacetic acid, respectively. See Fig. 3. 

Bhattacharya, R., Tulsawani, R.K. (2008). In vitro and in vivo evaluation of various carbonyl compounds against cyanide toxicity with particular reference to alpha-ketoglutaric acid. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 31 149-61. 

Moore SJ, Norris JC, Ing KH et al. (1986). The efficacy of alpha-ketoglutaric acid in the antagonism of cyanide intoxication. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 81, 265-273. 

D5. Dawson, A. M., de Croote, J., Rosenthal, W. S., and Sherlock, S., Blood pyruvic acid and alpha-ketoglutaric acid levels in liver disease and hepatic coma. Lancet i, 392 (1957). 

Dulaney, M. D., Jr., M. Bmmley, J. T. Willis, and A. S. Hume. 1991. Protection against cyanide toxicity by oral alpha-ketoglutaric acid. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 33(6) 571-75. 

Ali R, Mittal G, Sultana S, Bhatnagar A. Amehorative potential of alpha-ketoglutaric acid (AKG) on acute lung injuries induced by ammonia inhalation in rats. Exp Lung Res 2012 38 435-44. 

Verseck S, Karau A, Weber M. Fermentative production of alpha-ketoglutaric acid. Evonik Degussa GmbH. Patent W0200905348 2009. 

Yin X, Madzak C, Du G, Zhou J, Chen J. Enhanced alpha ketoglutaric acid production in Yarrowia lipolytica WSH-Z06 by regulation of the pyruvate carboxylation pathway. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012 96 1527-37. 

Verseck S, Karan A, Weber M (2009) Fermentative prodnction of alpha-ketoglutaric acid. W02009053489, Evonik Degnssa GmbH, Essen... 

Following deamination, the carton skeletons, depending upon their structure, can enter the Krebs cycle as pyruvic acid, alpha-ketoglutaric acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, or oxaloacetic acid and be completely oxidized to carton dioxide and water yielding the production of ATP (See Table M-16). Transamination—the transfer of an amino group (NH,) to synthesize new amino acids—also forms carton skeletons which can enter the Krebs cycle. 

Oxidative decarboxylation (removal of CO,) in carbohydrate metabolism is also involved in the Krebs cycle in the conversion of alpha-ketoglutaric acid to succinic acid. Because fats and amino acids, as well as carbohydrates, can contribute to alpha-ketoglutaric acid, it follows that thiamin is involved in the metabolism of all three energy producing units. 

In thiamin deficiency, pyruvic and alpha-ketoglutaric acids tend to accumulate in the body sometimes they are measured as a means of determining thiamin status. 

Other substances that have been tested in the lab on animals include stroma-free methemoglobin solutions, alpha-ketoglutaric acid, chlorpromazine, hydroxyl-amine, phenoxybenzamine, centrophenoxine, naloxone, etomidate, para-aminopropiophenone, and calcium channel blockers (Ashton et al., 1980 Dubinsky et al., 1984 Leung et al., 1984 Ten Eyck et al., 1985 Johnson et al., 1986 Bright and Marts, 1987 Yamamoto, 1990 Budavari, 2000). The use of these substances has shown positive results, but they have not been tried during actual poisoning situations. 

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