Alkyl halides carboxylic acid derivatives

Carbon Disulfide under Sulfur Compounds Carbon Monoxide under Carbon Compounds Carbon Tetrachloride under Saturated Alkyl Halides Carbon Tetrafluoride under Saturated Alkyl Halides Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives Carboxylic Acids with Other Functional Groups Cesium... 

Nucleophilic substitutions reactions are those reactions in which the substitution of one nucleophile for another is involved. Alkyl halides, carboxylic acids, and carboxylic acid derivatives undergo nucleophilic substitution. However, the mechanisms involved for alkyl halides are quite different from those involved for carboxylic acids and their derivatives. The reaction of a methoxide ion with ethanoyl chloride is a nucleophilic substitution reaction (Following fig.). In it one nucleophile (the methoxide ion) substitutes another nucleophile Cl. ... 

Nucleophilic substitutions reactions are those reactions in which the substitution of one nucleophile for another is involved. Alkyl halides, carboxylic acids, and carboxylic acid derivatives undergo nucleophilic substitution. However, the mechanisms involved for alkyl halides are quite different from... 

Still another method for the conversion of halides to acid derivatives makes use of Na2Fe(CO>4. As described in 10-112, primary and secondary alkyl halides and tosylates react with this reagent to give the ion RFefCO) (142) or, if CO is present, the ion RCOFe(CO)4 (143). Treatment of 142 or 143 with oxygen or sodium hypochlorite gives, after hydrolysis, a carboxylic acid. " Alternatively, 142 or 143... 

As noted in the preceding section, one of the most general methods of synthesis of esters is by reaction of alcohols with an acyl chloride or other activated carboxylic acid derivative. Section 3.2.5 dealt with two other important methods, namely, reactions with diazoalkanes and reactions of carboxylate salts with alkyl halides or sulfonate esters. There is also the acid-catalyzed reaction of carboxylic acids with alcohols, which is called the Fischer esterification. 

Hydrolytic reactions can also be applied in the synthesis of aldehydes or ketones via the corresponding 1,3-oxazine derivatives. The anion formed from 3-methyl-2-(4-pyridyl)tetrahydro-l,3-oxazine 155 on treatment with BuLi proved to react with various electrophiles (alkyl halides, carboxylic esters, acid chlorides, or aldehydes) exclusively at position 2 of the 1,3-oxazine ring and not at the pyridine nitrogen atom. The readily formed 2,2-disubstituted-l,3-oxazine... 

A nucleophile is an electron rich species that reacts with an electrophile. The term electrophile literally means electron-loving , and is an electron-deficient species that can accept an electron pair. A number of nucleophilic substitution reactions can occur with alkyl halides, alcohols and epoxides. However, it can also take place with carboxylic acid derivatives, and is called nucleophilic acyl substitution. 

Ketenimines are usually prepared from carboxylic acid derivatives such as amides and imino chlorides via elimination and from nitriles via alkylation with alkyl halides under strong basic conditions (21,64). 

Nucleophilic Substitution Carboxylic acid derivatives Alkyl halides... 

Due to the presence of a strongly electrophilic carbon centre alkyl halides are susceptible to nucleophilic attack, a nucleophile displaces the halogen as a nucleophilic halide ion (Following fig.). The reaction is called nucleophilic substitution and there are two types of mechanism, i.e. the S I and SN2 mechanisms. Carboxylic acids and carboxylic acid derivatives also undergo nucleophilic substitutions, but the mechanisms are totally different. 

Other organometallic reagents can be used to convert alkyl halides to carboxylic acid derivatives. Benzylic halides were converted to carboxylic esters with CO in the presence of a rhodium complex, ether a borate ester B(OR )3,... 

Acid halides are among the most reactive of carboxylic acid derivatives aiv can be converted into many other kinds of compounds. For example, we already seen the value of acid chlorides in preparing aromatic alkyl ketono by the Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction (Section 16.4). 

Alkyl- and aryl-substituted carboxylic acid derivatives such as ethyl 4-methoxybenzoate, diethyl phthalate,104 aryl- and alkylcarboxylic add halides or anhydrides10,2 5 8 give benzoxazinones (193). When IA was brominated in glacial acetic acid, 193 (R2 = CHBr2) was obtained.259 Anthranilic acid (4) with A-methyl IA (24) leads to 194, which cyclizes in sulfuric acid to the benzoxazinone 195134 (Scheme 33). Reaction of /V-formylanthranilic acid (196) (available from 1A and formic acid) with IA again yields the quina-zolinone 19710 260 (Eq. 19). 

The range of applicability of the Wittig reaction has in recent years become extremely extensive and there have been reports of its use for the preparation of alkyl- and aryl-substituted alkenes, unsaturated aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acid derivatives, vinyl halides, and vinyl ethers. In the preparation of these compounds there is often the possibility of cis-trans isomerism Bestmann and Kratzer1003 state that the trans-olefin is always obtained when an alkylidenetricyclohexylphosphorane is used, and Schlosser and Christ-... 

A carbonyl group is a carbon double-bonded to an oxygen an acyl group is a carbonyl group attached to an alkyl or aryl group. Acyl halides, acid anhydrides, esters, and amides are called carboxylic acid derivatives because they differ from a carboxylic acid only in the nature of the group that has replaced the OH group of the carboxylic acid. Cyclic esters are called lactones cyclic amides are lactams. There are symmetrical anhydrides and mixed anhydrides. 

---