Alkane , functionalization strategies

Alkali metal polyhydrogen fluorides as halogen exchange media addition reaction, 240-242 concept, 237-238 previous studies, 238-239 regeneration reaction, 241-248 substitution reaction, 240-242 thermodynamics, 237-239 Alkane(s), functionalization strategies, 366 Alkane activation, 366-367 Alkenyl cadmium reagents, synthesis, 298-300... 

The generation of a quaternary carbon center and the introduction of functional groups, which are present in the process of lactonization, are some of the difficulties associated with the formation of spirolactones. There have been many reports in the literature regarding the development of synthetic strategies to overcome these difficulties [120]. However, many require the use of complex reagents and multiple synthetic steps to achieve the overall lactonization. One of the more effective methods is the reaction of bis(bromomagnesio) alkanes with dicarboxylic anhydrides [121],... 

In terms of atom-economy a very attractive strategy for accessing arylboronic acids is the direct boronylation of arenes through a transition metal promoted C-H functionalization. In addition to the catalyst, a suitable boron donor is required, and both diboronyl esters and dialkoxyboranes are very appropriate in this role. The concept of this type of direct borylation was first demonstrated on alkanes using photochemical... 

Direct insertions into C—H bonds have been postnlated for reactions that proceed through metal carbenes and nitrenes (12/13). " In these mechanisms, the unsat-nrated M=X intermediates 12 or 13 directly attack the C—H bond and form the prodnct in one concerted step. Often, a preference for cleaving weak C—H bonds is observed however, C—H functionalizations of alkanes are known that have been proposed to follow this so-called C—H insertion pathway. Stereoselective and even enantioselective methodologies have been developed based on this strategy using snitable enantiomerically pure ancillary ligands." ... 

So far, several aforementioned intramolecular strategies have been established that all employ highly activated nitrogen source such as carbamates, sulfamates, amides, or azides to achieve C-H functionalization. Although all of them are powerful techniques for the introduction of nitrogen-based functionalities into aliphatic molecule, these methods are unable to provide a direct route toward tertiary amines, which are crucial structural motifs in numerous alkaloids. Therefore, the development of methods for direct N-H/C-H coupling of secondary amine and unactivated alkanes is highly desirable. 

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