Alkaline pyrophosphates, carbon

A large number of electrolytic treatments of magnesium, anodic or a.c., have been developed, in which adherent white or grey films consisting of fluoride, oxide, hydroxide, aluminate or basic carbonate are deposited from alkaline solutions containing caustic alkali, alkali carbonates, phosphates, pyrophosphates, cyanides, aluminates, oxalates, silicates, borates, etc. Some films are thin, and some are relatively thick. All are more or less absorbent and act as good bases for paint, though none contributes appreciable inhibition. All can, however, absorb chromates with consequent improvement of protective efficiency. 

Rubidium phosphates.—The three phosphates are prepared by the interaction of phosphoric acid and rubidium hydroxide or carbonate in appropriate proportions.13 The primary phosphate, RbH2P04, is acidic in aqueous solution the other two are alkaline. When heated at 244° C. the primary phosphate loses water, yielding the acid pyrophosphate, RbaH2P207.14 The secondary phosphite forms a monohydrate,... 

In the first set of experiments of Andrew 2a di. ( ), for example, pH, hardness and total alkalinity are held constant while copper is added to solutions with fixed added amo mts of NaHCO, or Na HPO., or Na.Pp0 , in addition to copper added to the bacK-ground, with no sdbsex of experiments including more than six cases. In our speciation calculations related to tills set of nineteen experiments, some twenty-five complexes of copper including three with carbonate, two with phosphate, six with hydroxide, and six with pyrophosphate are involved. 

Use Soap manufacture, bleaching, manufacture of potassium carbonate and tetrapotassium pyrophosphate, electrolyte in alkaline storage batteries and some fuel cells, absorbent for carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, dyestuffs, liquid fertilizers, food additive, herbicides, electroplating, mercerizing, paint removers, reagent. 

The selection of alkali to be used in peroxide bleaching is dependent on the fibres or blends being bleached. Sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate are generally used on cellulosic fibres whilst ammonia and various phosphates are used when bleaching protein fibres. Of the various phosphates only tetrasodium pyrophosphate, Na P,0 and hexametaphosphates are of interest as stabilisers in alkaline bleach bath. 

Amperometric biosensor based on carbon fiber microelectrodes, modification with alkaline phosphatase, 238-239 Anion chemical sensing, pyrophosphate, 315-317,318 319/... 

---