Aliphatic compounds, atmosphere alcohols

An antipolymerization agent such as hydroquinone may be added to the reaction mixture to inhibit the polymerization of the maleate or fumarate compound under the reaction conditions. This reaction is preferably carried out at a temperature within the range of 20°C to 150°C. This reaction is preferably carried out at atmospheric pressure. Reaction time of 16 to 24 hours have bean specified for this reaction by J.T. Cassaday. The reaction is preferably carried out in a solvent such as the low molecular weight aliphatic monohydric alcohols, ketones, aliphatic esters, aromatic hydrocarbons or trialkyl phosphates. 

VOCs are generally low-molecular-weight aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons like alcohols, ketones, esters, and aldehydes.19 Typical VOCs include benzene, acetone, acetaldehyde, chloroform, toluene, methanol, and formaldehyde. These compounds are typically considered to be regulated pollutants, as they can cause photochemical smog and depletion of the ozone layer if they are released into the atmosphere. They are not normally produced in the combustion process, but they may be contained in the material that is being heated, such as in the case of a contaminated hazardous waste in a waste incinerator. In that case, the objective of the heating process is usually to volatilize the VOCs out of the waste and to combust them before they can be emitted to the atmosphere. 

Ruthenium catalysts on carriers are specific for the hydrogenation of the carbonyl group in aliphatic aldehydes and ketones at atmospheric conditions. They reduce preferentially the carbonyl group first in the presence of an olefinic linkage in the compound so that in certain instances the olefinic bond can be preserved. Ruthenium is specifically active for the reduction of sugars to polyhydroxy alcohols. 

Aerobic oxidation of simple volatile aliphatic alcohols, including ethanol [116], can be carried out conveniently in the gas or vapor phase. Gold nanoparticles (1%) supported on silica have been found to be a convenient catalyst [117]. Volatile primary and secondary aliphatic alcohols can be oxidized to their carbonyl compounds in the gas phase using air at atmospheric pressure in a fk-bed tubular reactor (Table 12.5) [117]. 

---