Algae shipping

Another quinone-related natural compound evaluated by Schrader etal is SeaKleen , a commercial biocide used to treat the ballast water of ships to help prevent the spread of pest organisms such as algae. SeaKleen consists of menadione sodium bisulfite, a water-soluble form of menadione... 

Figure 1. Time and space scales of algae, patches of algae, zooplankton and fish, A, and various means of remote sensing of biological properties in the oceans, B. Note that ships and buoys give no synopticity. Adapted from Esaias (36) ...

Fig. 1 Examples of biofilms. Left typical mold in households. Center typical biofouling on a ship hull, including algaes and barnacles. Right microbial Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm on a catheter...

The triorganotin species have been used as industrial biocides for over 30 years [117, 118]. Examples are triphenyltin hydroxide (structure 5) for fungal diseases on celery, rice, sugar beets, and coffee tricyclohexylstannyl-1,2,4-triazole (structure 6) as an acaricide for apple, pear, and citrus fruit trees bistributyltin oxide (structure 7) as a wood preservative and tributyltin-methylacrylate monomers (structure 8) polymerized with other acrylates to yield a marine antifoulant polymer that prevents the build of up barnacles, algae, and other marine animals on ships. 

Much of the bottom of the Sound within the wave-affected zone is sandy. In some localities where the shore is bedrock, deposits of muddy sediment form up to the surf zone. This is possible because mud is trapped in mats of algae that mantle the bottom near the shore. Muddy material also accumulates in the dredged shipping channels of the harbors along the Connecticut shore at an average rate of 4 mm/yr, as computed from records of maintenance dredging (Bokuniewicz and Gordon, 1979). The surface area and volume of all of these deposits is small compared to the area and volume of the muddy sediment below the wave-affected zone. The rest of this article deals mostly with these deep mud deposits. 

Although trace amounts of copper are essential for life, copper in large amounts is quite toxic copper salts are used to kill bacteria, fungi, and algae. For example, paints containing copper are used on ship hulls to prevent fouling by marine organisms. 

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