Biodiesel, algae

Sander, K., Murthy, G.S., 2010. life cycle analysis of algae biodiesel. Intemational Journal of Life Cycle Assessment... 

Gnansounou, E., Kenthorai Raman, J., 2016. Life cycle assessment of algae biodiesel and its co-products. Applied Energy 161,300-308. 

Cereals can yield around 1500-3000 litres of gasoline equivalent (lge)/ha sugarcane, 3000-6000 lge/ha sugarheet, 2000-4000 lge/ha vegetable oil crops, 700-1300 litres of diesel equivalent (lde)/ha and palm oil, 2500-3000 lde/ha (IEA, 2007). In addition, there are novel biofuel production processes under development, for example biodiesel from marine algae, which are claimed to have a 15 times higher yield per ha than rapeseed. 

Sheehan, J., Dunahay, T., Benemann, J., Roessler, P. 1998. A look back at the US Department of Energy s Aquatic Species Program biodiesel from algae. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Report NREL/TP-580-24190, Golden, Colorado. 

Third generation biofuels Algae Vegetable oil, biodiesel... 

Based on this ability to manipulate the algal composition, these organisms can be used for the production of different types of biofuel. For example, those algae which are rich in hpids are better suited for the production of bio-oil or biodiesel those rich in starch can be used for alcoholic fermentations to afford ethanol and those rich in proteins and starch can be used for the production of biogas. 

Sheehan, J. T. Dunahry J. Benemann P. Roessler. A Look Back at the U.S. Department of Energy s Aquatic Species Program Biodiesel from Algae. National Renewable Energy Lab. NREL/TP -580-24190 July 1998a. 

Pruvost J Cultivation of algae in photobioreactors for biodiesel production. In Pandey A, Larroche C, Ricke SC, Dussap CG, editors Biofuels alternative feedstocks and conversion processes, USA, 2011, Academic Press, pp 439-464. 

The production of ester-based fuels such as biodiesel or jet fuel from renewable starting materials, such as lignocellulosic material or algae has been described (59). The pulping and saccharification of the renewable starting materials produces carboxylic acids, such as fatty acids or rosin acids, which are esterified via a gas sparged, slurry form of heterogeneous reactive distfllation to yield ester-based fuels. 

Scott SA, Davey MP, Dennis JS, Horst L HoweCJ, Lea-Smith DJ, Smith AG. (2010). Biodiesel from algae challenges and prospects. Curr Opin Biotechnol, 21, 277-286. 

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