Aldoses systematic names

The basis for the name is the structure of the parent monosaccharide in the acyclic form. Charts I and IV (2-Carb-10) give trivial names for parent aldoses and ketoses with up to six carbon atoms. 2-Carb-8.2 and 2-Carb-10.3 describe systematic naming procedures. 

Systematic names are formed from a stem name and a configurational prefix or prefixes. The stem names for the aldoses with three to ten carbon atoms are triose,... 

Note 2. Since all aldoses up to the hexoses have trivial names that are preferred, the systematic names apply only to the higher aldoses. However, the configurational prefixes are also used to name ketoses (see below) and other monosaccharides. 

Systematic names for individual dialdoses are formed from the systematic stem name for the corresponding aldose (see 2-Carb-8.2), but with the ending odialdose instead of ose , and the appropriate configurational prefix (Chart I). A choice between the two possible aldose parent names is made on the basis of 2-Carb-2.2.2. 

The ketoses are classified as 2-ketoses, 3-ketoses, etc., following the carbonyl position on the chain. The 2 of 2-ketoses, a common natural structure, can be removed. The suffix ose is replaced by ulose in the parent name. Likewise, fructose is a 2-hexulose, or more simply, a hexulose. For the complete name, it is preceded by the configuration descriptor. The systematic name of fructose 4.37 would be D-araZ>Z o-2-hexulose. In the case of 2-ketoses, there is no possible ambiguity for the configuration of pyranoses and furanoses. The nomenclature is copied from that of aldoses as, for example, /3-D-fructopyranose 4.38. Methyl glycoside 4.39 of sialic acid is called methyl 5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-gZycera-a -D-gaZacfo-2-nonulopyranosidonic acid. 

For the fundamental sugar types of Table 15 the respective trivial names are generally preferred to the systematic names obtained according to the pattern D-nbo-pentose (for D-ribose), D-g/wco-hexose (for D-glu-cose), etc. For higher aldoses, however, exclusively systematic names are... 

In the case of ketoses too trivial names are still frequently preferred for the fundamental types although systematic... ulose names can easily be generated in a manner similar to that used for the systematic names of aldoses (see Table 16). 

Replacement of a hydroxy oxygen atom of an aldose or ketose, or of the oxygen atom of the carbonyl group of the acyclic form of an aldose or ketose, by sulfur is indicated by placing the prefix thio , preceded by the appropriate locant, before the systematic or trivial name of the aldose or ketose. 

Aldonic acids are divided into aldotrionic acid, aldotetronic acids, aldopentonic acids, aldohexonic acids, etc., according to the number of carbon atoms in the chain. The names of individual compounds of this type are formed by replacing the ending -ose of the systematic or trivial name of the aldose by -onic acid . 

Trivial names are common in carbohydrate nomenclature. Fifteen of them form the basis of the systematic nomenclature. They are assigned to the simple aldoses (polyhydroxyaldehydes), from triose to hexoses. 

Figure 1.2. Structures and names of the D-family of aldoses starting with the D-triose and progressing systematically to the eight possible D-hexoses by adding a single asymmetric center with the two possible configurations to each structure.

---