Aldehydes, radicals from

Mass Spectrometry Aldehydes and ketones typically give a prominent molecular- ion peak in their mass spectra. Aldehydes also exhibit an M— 1 peak. A major fragmentation pathway for both aldehydes and ketones leads to formation of acyl cations (acyliurn ions) by cleavage of an alkyl group from the carbonyl. The most intense peak in the mass spectrum of diethyl ketone, for exanple, is m/z 57, conesponding to loss of ethyl radical from the molecular- ion. 

The mechanism proposed by Emmons thus corresponds in part to the decomposition of the trialkyl-oxaziranes by ferrous salts. By radical attack on the 7V-alkyl group of the oxazirane, the radical 32 is formed which rearranges with ring opening to 33. Radical 33 propagates the chain by attack on a further molecule of oxazirane. It takes up an H-atom and is decomposed to ketone and ammonia. The aldehyde produced from the M-alkyl group is converted to tar. 

A1BN, iw azobisisnbutyronilrile aldehydes, acyl radicals from 1 18 alkanelhiyl radicals Irom ally] sulfides 300 from disunities 291-2 from thiols 290, 291 polarity 290... 

Kolbe radicals can also be trapped by oxygen to yield dialkylperoxides, aldehydes, and ketones [97]. Furthermore methyl and trifluoromethyl radicals from acetic acid and trifluoroacetic acid are trapped, although inefficiently, by pyridine (3-20%) [234], benzotrifluoride and benzonitrile[ 235]. 

The kinetic analysis proves that formation of very active radical from intermediate product can increase the reaction rate not more than twice. However, the formation of inactive radical can principally stop the chain reaction [77], Besides the rate, the change of composition of chain propagating radicals can influence the rate of formation and decay of intermediates in the oxidized hydrocarbon. In its turn, the concentrations of intermediates (alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, etc.) influence autoinitiation and the rate of autoxidation of the hydrocarbon (see Chapter 4). 

One possible solution of this problem is to differentiate a radical first as electrophilic or nucleophilic with respect to its partner, depending upon its tendency to gain or lose electron. Then the relevant atomic Fukui function (/+ or / ) or softness f.v+ or s ) should be used. Using this approach, regiochemistry of radical addition to heteratom C=X double bond (aldehydes, nitrones, imines, etc.) and heteronuclear ring compounds (such as uracil, thymine, furan, pyridine, etc.) could be explained [34], A more rigorous approach will be to define the Fukui function for radical attack in such a way that it takes care of the inherent nature of a radical and thus differentiates one radical from the other. 

The yields of free radicals from the photolysis of nitrous acid and of aldehydes should be established. 

The copolymer composition equation was first applied to co-oxidations in mixtures of aldehydes (25, 39) and later to numerous pairs of hydrocarbons and their derivatives (1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 27, 31, 32, 33). For oxidations of mixtures of A and B, attack by a peroxy radical first gives (by addition or hydrogen abstraction) A and B radicals in the presence of sufficient oxygen all these are then converted to A02 and B02 peroxy radicals. From the relative rates of reaction, A[A]/A[B], of A and B at two or more average feeds [A] / [B], in long kinetic chains, the copolymer composition equation... 

Another way to construct alkenes is by the addition of carbon radicals to nitrostyrenes such as 5. Ching-Fa Yao of National Taiwan Normal University in Taipei has reported (J. Org. Chem. 2004,69, 3961) an extension of this work, generating the acyl radical from the aldehyde 6, cyclizing it to generate a new radical, then trapping that radical with 5 to give 7. This article includes an overview of the several ways of adding radicals to 5. 

The acyl-alkv biradical obtained by ring-opening of a cyclic ketone is able lo undergo intramolecular disproportionation in one of two ways. A hydrogen atom may be transferred to the acyl radical from the position adjacent to the alkyl group, and this produces an unsaturated aldehyde (4.21). Alternatively, a hydrogen may be transferred to the alkyl radical from the position adjacent to the acyl group, and this results in the formation of a ketene (4.22). Many ketenes are labile, and the use of a nucleophilic solvent or addend. 

Reaction 7 means that hydrogen peroxide can be a radical source by decomposition—i.e., one of the reaction products is the origin of radicals. Accordingly this oxidative dehydrogenation reaction has the feature of the degenerative branching. Naturally one may also assume that other peroxides or aldehydes could be origins of radicals. However, Reaction 7 is considered to be the sole source of radicals from the reaction products. 

Samarium diiodide has been used by Enholm and co-workers for the generation and cyclization of ketyl radicals from aldehydic substrates [Eq. (9) and (10) 33], As noted, the... 

However, these latter phosphines Id - k also suffer photofragmentations. a-Cleavage occurs under formation of either aldehydes 2d - h, via subsequent H-abstraction of aroyl radicals from solvent (Scheme 3), or hetero- and carbocycle 7 and 8, via cyclization of the corresponding aroyl radicals under neighbouring group participation (Schemes 4 and 5). 

Radical intermediates were proposed at an early stage in the history of the Cannizzaro reaction, and this possibility has been resurrected to account for the detection of some 20% of a-D-benzyl alcohol in the products of the Cannizzaro reaction of a-D-benzaldehyde in aqueous alkaline dioxan. This has been rationalized in terms of formation of the benzaldehyde radical anion, which abstracts a H-atom from the solvent (Chung, 1982). Epr spectroscopy of reacting solutions of p-Cl-,/ -NO 2 and / -CF3-benzaldehyde as well as benzaldehyde itself in THF HMPA (9 1) yielded spectra of the aldehyde radical anions identical to those produced by the action of metallic... 

Tin-free photolytic conditions for addition of formyl radical equivalents to 3a have been reported by Alonso [53]. Photolysis of 1,3-dioxolane solutions of 3a in the presence of 1 equiv of benzophenone led to formation of the l,3-dioxalan-2-yl radical from solvent, followed by intermolecular radical addition in 87% yield (entry 6). A one-pot variant without isolation of 3a increased the yield and selectivity (entry 7). These conditions gave good yields across a range of chiral /V-acylhydrazones (not shown), but synthetically useful levels were restricted to aliphatic aldehyde precursors. 

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