Alcuronium

Canrenoate potassium Carprofen Cloprednol Dydrogesterone Chloride ion exchange resin Alcuronium chloride Chlorine... 

FIGURE 4.12 Effect of alcuronium on the binding of [3H] methyl-QNB (filled circles) and [3H] atropine (open circles) on muscarinic receptors. Ordinates are percentage of initial radioligand binding. Alcuronium decreases the binding of [3H] methyl-QNB and increases the binding of [3H] atropine. Data redrawn from [7]. 

Differential effects of the allosteric modulator alcuronium on various probes for the m2 muscarinic receptor. 

Proska, J., and Tucek, S. (1994). Mechanisms of steric and cooperative interactions of alcuronium on cardiac muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Mol. Pharmacol. 45 709-717. 

C3H5I 556-56-9) see Alcuronium chloride allylmagnesium bromide (CgHjBrMg 1730-25-2) see Allylestrenol Chlorprothixene Flupentixol Meglutol Orlistat allyl mercaptan... 

Furthermore, these allosteric effects were shown to be truly subtype specific, depending on the nature of the allosteric modulating compound. Thus, alcuronium exerts positive copperativity with [3H]NMS at the M2 and M4 but not at the Mi and M3 receptors [26,27], while other neuromuscular junction blockers such as stercuronium, pancuronium, and d-tubocurarine have been shown to exhibit their effects via an allosteric mechanism specifically on the M2 receptors [28-30]. 

Tucek S, Musilkova J, Neduoma J, Proska J, Shelkovnikov SW, Vorlicek J. Positive cooperativity in the binding of alcuronium and A-methy lscopolamine to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Mol Pharmacol 1990 38 674-680. 

Jakubik J, Bacakova L, El-Fakahany EE, Tucek S. Subtype selectivity of the positive allosteric action of alcuronium at cloned M M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995 274 1077-1083. 

Wedig, M., Novatchev, N., Worch, T, Laug, S., and Holzgrabe, U. (2002). Evaluation of the impurity profile of alcuronium by means of capillary electrophoresis.. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 28, 983-990. 

Other nondepolarizing muscle relaxants include alcuronium, derived from the alkaloid toxiferin rocuroni-um, gallamine, mivacurium, and atra-curium. The latter undergoes spontaneous cleavage and does not depend on hepatic or renal elimination. 

Akuammicine 81, 82, 200 Akuammidine 16 Albertidine 103 Albine 34, 100 Alcuronium 38 Alginate 203 Alioline 16, 38 AUcaloid-C 150 Allocryptopine 22 Aloe-emodin 35, 45 Aloperine 103 Alstomacroline 16, 37 Alstomacrophyline 37 Alstonerine 16, 37 Alstophyline 37 Alstoumerine 16, 37 Amabiline 52... 

Gallamine, alcuronium and fazadinium have all been used in the past but are rarely used now in fact only gallamine is still available in some European countries. All of these have significant side effects, particularly on the cardiovascular system. All are long acting and at least gallamine and alcuronium are almost totally dependent on the kidneys for elimination. 

Opioids, such as morphine and fentanyl, are safe, whereas there is insufficient data on some other analgesics to be sure of their position. All muscle relaxants are probably safe, although there are insufficient data about most to be completely sure atropine and neostigmine are safe. Drugs which are unsafe or probably unsafe include barbiturates, etomidate, enflurane, alcuronium, mepivacaine, pentazocine, some benzodiazepines (temazepam is safe, other benzodiazepines less certain), calcium channel blockers and aminophylline. 

The toxiferines (see Figure 6.85, page 359) also share the diquaternary character. Alcuronium is a semi-synthetic skeletal muscle relaxant containing the dimeric strychnine-like structure and is produced chemically from C-toxiferine (see page 360). 

Tubocurarine, metocurine, and succinylcholine have all been shown to elicit histamine release in humans. However, histamine release is less common with pancuronium and alcuronium. Vecuronium does not cause histamine release. 

---