Alcohols, Thiols, Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones

An epidural is a regional anesthesia that will provide pain relief for Janet during her labor and delivery by blocking pain in the lower half of her body. Tom, a nurse anesthetist, prepares the medication for the epidural injection, which consists of a local anesthetic, chloroprocaine, and a small amount of fentanyl, a common opioid. Tom sterilizes the skin for injection using a 90% ethanol antiseptic solution. He administers the anesthetic through a catheter into Janet s lower spine and within moments, her pain subsides. 

One of the earliest anesthetics used in medicine was diethyl ether, more commonly referred to as ether. Diethyl ether contains an ether functional group, which 

We will also study two other families of organic compounds aldehydes and ketones. Many of the odors and flavors associated with flavorings and perfumes are due to a carbon-oxygen double bond called a carbonyl group (C=0). Aldehydes in foods and perfumes provide the odors and flavors of vanilla, almond, and cinnamon. In biology, you may have seen specimens preserved in a solution of formaldehyde. You probably notice the odor of a ketone when you use paint or nail polish remover. 

Give the lUPAC and common names for alcohols and phenols give the common names for thiols and ethers. Draw their condensed structural formulas or skeletal formulas. 

In the lUPAC system, an alcohol is named by replacing the e of the corresponding alkane name with ol. The common name of a simple alcohol uses the name of the alkyl group followed by alcohol. 

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CHAPTER 12 Alcohols, Thiols, Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones... 

Chapter 12, Alcohols, Thiols, Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones, previously titled Organic Compounds with Oxygen and Sulfur, describes the functional groups and names of alcohols, thiols, ethers, aldehydes, and ketones. The solubility of alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, and ketones in water is discussed. Section 12.4 is now titled Reactions of Alcohols, Thiols, Aldehydes, and Ketones. ... 

These lanthanide complexes produce spectral simplifications in the NMR spectrum of any compound with a relatively basic pair of electrons (an unshared pair) which can coordinate with Eu ". Typically, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, thiols, ethers, and amines all interact ... 

A number of functional groups do not react with catecholborane These include organohalogen, alcohols and thiols, ethers, amides, nitro groups, and sulfones. Slowly reducing groups include acid chlorides, esters and nitriles. Aldehydes, ketones, imines, and sulfoxides are reduced. A hydroborating agent. 

Begin to recognize the important functional groups alkene, alkyne, alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, amine, nitrile, amide, thiol, and thioether. 

Food, flavors consist of numerous compounds, none of which alone is characteristic of specific food. Classes of compounds which emcompass food flavors are - hydrocarbons (aliphatic, ali-cyclic, aromatic) carbonyls (aldehydes, ketones) carboxylic acids, esters, imides, anhydrides alcohols, phenols, ethers alkylamines, alkylimines aliphatic sulfur compounds (thiols, mono-, di- and tri-sulfides) nitrogen heterocyclics (pyrroles, pyrazines, pyridines) sulfur heterocylics (thiophenes, thiazoles, trithiolane, thialidine) and oxygen-heterocyclics (lactone, pyrone, furan). Discussion will be limited to striking developments in heterocyclics. 

Classification and Organization of Reactions Forming Difunctional Compounds. This chapter considers all possible difunctional compounds formed from the groups acetylene, carboxylic acid, alcohol, thiol, aldehyde, amide, amine, ester, ether, epoxide, thioether, halide, ketone, nitrile, and olefin. Reactions that form difunctional compounds are classified into sections on the basis of the two functional groups of the product. The relative positions... 

Oxidation. Triphenylbismuth carbonate suspended in CH2CI2 is a heterogeneous oxidant for a variety of functional groups. Allylic alcohols are efficiently oxidized to the corresponding unsaturated aldehydes or ketones, even in the presence of a thiol, which is itself oxidized by this reagent to a disulfide, cis- and Irani-1,2-Glycols are cleaved to dialdehydes hydrazones are oxidized to diazocompounds oximes are cleaved to ketones and 1,2-dialkylhydrazines are oxidized to azo compounds. Phenylhydrazones, semicarbazones, tosylhydrazones, aromatic and aliphatic amines, enamines, and enol ethers are inert to 1. 

Metabolites derived by loss of an alkyl or arylalkyl group from ethers [Eq. (4)], thioethers [Eq. (5)], amines [Eq. (6)], and amides [Eq. (7)] represent common biotransformation pathways (R, R" = H, alkyl or aryl). These processes involve oxidation on carbon adjacent to the heteroatom. The intermediates are generally unstable and readily decompose to the corresponding alcohol, thiol, amine, or amide and an aldehyde. Intermediates formed from amides [Eq. (7)] are more stable and may be detected as excreted metabolites. If a secondary carbon atom is adjacent to the heteroatom, then this portion of the molecule is released as a ketone. The heteroatom may also be located in a cyclic structure (e.g., morpholine, piperazine). Two processes have been adopted for amines, namely, N-dealkylation or deamination, that are essentially the same event. In general, which of the two terms applies depends on the... 

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