Alcohols pharmacologic action

The pleasure derived from using tobacco is linked to the stimulation of dopamine-dependent neurotransmitter pathways in the brain, particularly in the meso-limbic system. The precise nature of this link remains controversial, but many of the neurophysiological processes underlying nicotine addiction are common to other addictive drugs with diverse pharmacological actions such as opiates, cannabis, alcohol and cocaine. 

Walton DC, Kehr EF, Lovenhart AS A comparison of the pharmacological action of diacetone alcohol and acetone. J Pharmacol 33 175-183, 1928... 

Further, it is clear that, as with any psychoactive drug, the pleasant feelings alcohol can provide depend as much on set and setting as on pharmacological action. The same amount of wine that makes someone pleasantly high at a party may make a depressed person in a lonely room even more depressed. 

Expectancies about alcohol s effects may be a more powerful determinant of its effects than is the pharmacological action of alcohol. 

Triazolam, USP. Triazolam. 8-chloro-6-(o-chlorophc-nyl)-l-methyl-4Ay-j-triaz.olol4.3-a f l,4 benzxxliazcpinc (Hal-cion). has all of the characteristic benzodiazepine pharmacological actions. It is marketed as a sedative-hypnotic drug said to impair little, if any. daytime function. It is rapidly metabolized to the I-methyl alcohol, which is then conjugated and excreted. 

Severe riboflavin deficiency is known as ariboflavinosis. Its major symptoms include cheilosis,. seborrheic dermatitis, and vascularization of the cornea. Ariboflavinosis occurs in chronic alcoholism in combination with other vitamin deficiencies. It has also resulted from phenothiazine, tricyclic antidepressant, and probenecid therapy. Riboflavin has no pharmacological action and is relatively nontoxic. The only approved indication is in the treatment and prevention of ariboflavinosis. 

Figure IV-1-5 illustrates the metabolism and pharmacologic actions of alcohols.

Crystals from abs ethanol mp 158. Freely sol in water. Moderately sol in alcohol pH of a 5% aq sn[n 6.5 -7-0, Solns may be sterilized by heating. Pharmacological action as of theophylline. 

From the studies reviewed in this paper, it is evident that S. desoleana essential oil, like S. sclarea oil, has a good anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity and a lower antimicrobial efficacy in vitro. All these effects are mainly linked to the content of alcohols. Moreover, all pharmacological action could be potentiated by in vivo transformation of the ester derivatives of the oil by enzymatic hydrolysis. 

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