Alcohols, nomenclature table

A further aid in the location of the solvents and their exact specification is the Chemical Abstracts (CAS) Registry Number, shown in the second column. The Chemical Abstracts name may be the same as the commonly used one or may differ from it considerably, so that it is not always easy to find the solvents in these Chemical Substance Indexes of the Chemical Abstracts. Eor instance, benzene, methyl is a fairly transparent name for toluene, and methanol, phenyl a slightly less one for benzyl alcohol, but one has to become familiar with the systematics of Chemical Abstracts nomenclature in order to search for diethyl ether or any other more complicated compound. It is expected that with all this information available in table Al the solvents listed are definitely specified and readily found in the Abstracts and other compilation of information and data. 

As can be seen from Table 5.2, nonylphenol ethoxylates have a steeply increasing cloud point for very little addition of ethylene oxide. Most industrial products have a rounded up/down value of ethylene oxide in their nomenclature. Thus, NP9 from one company could be actually NP9.25 and from another could be NP8.75. The cloud point for these two products could be 15° C different and in some applications, such as in solubilisation of a fragrance or flavouring, this could be crucial. This is almost certainly due to the sharp (compared to alcohol-based products) Poisson isomer distribution and also variable polyethylene glycol levels in different manufacturers products. Therefore, it is suggested that product should always be purchased on a cloud point specification and not to an EO number. 

From the Hg-containing alcohol in Figure 3.38 and NaBH4 one can obtain the Hg-free alcohol. The overall result is a hydration of the C=C double bond. According to the nomenclature of Section 3.3.3, its regioselectivity corresponds to a Markovnikov addition. It is complementary to the regioselectivity of the reaction sequence hydro-boration/oxidation/hydrolysis (Table 3.1). The latter sequence would have converted the same olefin regioselectively into the primary instead of the secondary alcohol. 

Names of Ethers.— The systematic official names of ethers are made by using the term oxy in connection with the hydrocarbon names corresponding to the alkyl radicals. The common names are the same as the alcohols with ether in place of alcohol. The following table gives some of the better known ethers of both kinds and will illustrate the nomenclature. 

This table should be completed by a table of the L-series, the members of which are enantiomers of those in Table 1. Remember that the D-series is defined by the orientation to the right of the secondary alcohol hydroxyl group with the highest-numbered atom. Sometimes the series descriptor is omitted for glucose, galactose, mannose, and ribose. In this case we must remember that they belong to the D-series. The recommended common names in Table 4.1 do not come from the systematic nomenclature. 

Since the full enzyme name according to the EC nomenclature is rather long, the most commonly used enzymes have gotten abbreviations. For esterases and lipases there are certain rules in most cases, the first (two or three) letters characterize the source, the last the type of enzyme (E for esterase, L for lipases) (see Table 20-1). Alcohol dehydrogenases are treated similarly. 

For the common nomenclature the usual practice is to name a polymer according to its source, i.e., the monomer(s) used in its synthesis, and the generic term used is poly monomer , whether or not the monomer is real. The prefix poly is added on to the name of the monomer to form a single word, e.g., polyethylene, polystyrene, and polyacrylonitrile (see Table 1.1). However, when the monomer has a multiworded name, the name of the monomer after the prefix poly is enclosed in parentheses, e.g., poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly (methyl methacrylate) (Table 1.1). 

In Section 8.1, we saw that a carbonyl group has a higher nomenclature priority than an alcohol or an amine group. However, all carbonyl compounds do not have the same priority. The nomenclature priorities of the various carbonyl groups are shown in Table 18.1. 

According to the EC-System of the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IUBMB [2], the enzymes are classified in six main classes (Table l).To allow a refined classification, the main classes are subdivided into three orders of enzyme subclasses (EC X.a.b.c., e.g., EC 1.1.1.1 for alcohol dehydrogenase). The majority of the described enzymes belong to the EC classes 1,2 and 3. 

For example, name such as polyvinyl alcohol refers to a hypothetical source, since this polymer is obtained by hydrolysis of polyvinylacetate. In spite of deficiencies, the source-based nomenclature is still entrenched in the literature. It is also the basis for naming and classifying copolymers (see Table 1.6). 

In studying the kinetics of this reaction, Goyal and Doraiswamy (1970) considered all possible reactions (Table 5.3). Let us represent the different components of the reaction in accordance with the nomenclature of Equation 5.3 Ai = aniline, A2 = alcohol, Aj = monoethylaniline, A4 = water, A = diethylaniline, A = diethyl ether, and Ay = olefin. Then, using the method illustrated for the reactions of propylene glycol, it can be shown that there are only 4 independent reactions from a total of 11 reactions. 

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