Diagnostic tools, alcoholism

The reactivity of various steroid alcohols decreases in the order primary > secondary (equatorial) > secondary (axial) > tertiary. The only systematic investigation relating to the selective protection of steroidal hydroxyl functions has been carried out with the cathylate (ethyl carbonate) group. Since only equatorial hydroxyl groups form cathylates this ester has been used as a diagnostic tool to elucidate the configuration of secondary alcohols. 

The oxidation of several alcohols by chromic acid was studied by Chatterji et a/.20 25 diagnostic tool for identification of intermediates formed, the... 

A number of diagnostic tools for alcoholism have been developed, with the most well known being the American Psychiatric Association s (APA, 2000) Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM-IV). The diagnostic criteria are summarised below. 

Radical hydroxylation of hydrocarbons by autooxidation yields alcohols (major products), ketones, and acids (minor products). Cyclohexanol, for example, is formed in 90% yield from cyclohexane and peroxyacetic acid (275). The high -ol/-one ratio at low conversions can sometimes be used as a partial diagnostic tool to distinguish between the radical and electrophilic pathways. The predominant reaction of electrophilic radicals, such as HO, ROO, and CH 3 is H-atom abstraction from reactants (S-H) or peracids, as exemplified by the following ... 

The synthesis of the allyl ethers in nitrogen heterocyclic systems presents an element of complication in that the allylation could occur on the oxygen atom or the basic nitrogen atom. This is a feature of alkylation of ambident anions.3 However, this applies only when the allylation is effected by reacting the oxo or hydroxy derivative of the compound with an allyl halide in the presence of a base.3 The alternative method is to react the appropriate halo derivative with sodium allyloxide in allyl alcohol. The latter approach provides not only better yields of the allyl ethers but also certainty of the constitution of the ethers obtained. A diagnostic tool in deciding between the 1-allyl derivative and the O-allyl compound that has commonly been employed is the infrared absorption of the amide carbonyl in the case of the former which is clearly absent in the latter. 

The localization of branching is achieved by careful comparison of the MS fragmentation of normal and branched fatty acids. The intensity of some fragments is a useful diagnostic tool. However, a reduction of esters to alcohols can improve the interpretation. 

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