Alarm pheromone amphibian

The use of chemical cues in predator/prey interaction appears widespread among amphibians (Kats Dill 1998). Chemical alarm pheromones have been examined most extensively in larval frogs and toads (Chivers Smith 1998). However, recent experiments also suggest that caudate amphibians use chemical alarm pheromones. Numerous studies have investigated the use of chemical substances that make amphibians noxious or toxic to predators. Chemical cues from predators often induce antipredator responses in amphibian prey. In some cases, chemical cues may be the primary sensory stimuli used for predator recognition. Chemosen-sory-induced antipredator responses may include behavioral defenses as well as alterations in life-history characteristics. 

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