AKUFVE method

To sum up, a lot of experience is needed to determine log P values by the classical shake flask method. Alternatives have been developed and compared with each other, e.g. filter probe methods [219, 220], the AKUFVE method [221], and different centrifugal partition chromatographic techniques (which correspond to true partitioning because only two immiscible liquid phases and no solid support are involved) [222-225]. As the scope and limitations of most of these techniques have been reviewed [173, 217, 218, 225], they shall not be discussed here in detail. 

Rydberg, J. (1969) Solvent extraction studies by the AKUFVE method. Part 1. Principle and general problems. Acta Chem. Scand., 23, 647-659. 

Some solvent-extraction techniques are relatively difficult to effect using conventional laboratory apparatus. For example, the classical penicillin G extraction in which acidified broth is contacted with a water-immiscible solvent can only be operated effectively using continuous-flow methods because of the poor stability of the product at low pH values. This extraction can be reproduced on the bench scale using the AKUFVE apparatus, which was designed for extraction studies in the nuclear industry (12,13). Selective extraction may involve the use of a solvent in which the product has a poor partition coefficient. Countercurrent extractors are mostly process scale devices but the smallest four-stage extractor produced by Robatel could be considered a bench scale. It has a throughput of 50-100 mL/min. 

There is another problem with man-made chemical elements, namely that their isotopes are short lived too. This, together with the need for their identification, calls for fast separation methods. The Automated Rapid Chemistry Apparatus (ARCA) II S) tem and the Short-lived Isotopes Studied by the AKUFVE-technique (SISAK) equipment (both described in Sect. 59.2.2 of Chap. 59, Vol. 6, on Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange in Radiochemistry ) are able to handle radionuclides with half-lives of -10 s and 1 s, respectively. 

E reaction. The first method involved a series of solvent extractions performed continuously with the centrifuge system SISAK (Short-lived Isotopes Studied by the AKUFVE Technique) (Skarnemark et al. 1980) and the second one involved the ion-exchange separation apparatus ARCA (Automated Rapid Chemistry Apparatus) (Schadel et al. 1989). In the case of... 

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