Aggregation additive

If the estimated level of exposure is less than the reference dose (RfD), the pesticide is considered to be safe to use. The aggregation (addition) of the amount of exposnre received from each source will increase the total exposure to a level which may then exceed the RfD. In addition to aggregation increasing the level of exposure, the reference dose is becoming smaller because of the use of extra safety factors to protect children. The trend towards lower reference doses impacts both residential and worker risk assessments. 

Cysteine-cysteine Aggregation Addition of surfactants, polyalcohols and other excipients... 

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) is perhaps the most used visualization method for studying polymer aggregates. Additionally, negative staining permits very high resolution imaging of surface details. Cryo-TEM offers another advantage since specimens are rapidly frozen and viewed in a natural hydrated state... 

Although accounting for the gross data, this rationale is not completely satisfactory. Subsequent studies [75] showed that addition of HMPA after enolate formation but before electrophile addition also had an effect on the selectivity of the alkylation, leading Helmchen to speculate that the sulfonamide in Scheme 3.15 (or presumably the urethane in Scheme 3.14) may be chelated to the lithium. Another possibility may be that the enolates are aggregated, and the effect of HMPA is to disrupt the aggregation. Additionally, the difference in selectivity between the E(0)- and Z(0)-enolate alkylations (Scheme 3.15) remains unexplained. 

At least 9 million scrap tires are processed into ground rubber annually. Ground tire rubber is used in rubber products (such as floor mats, carpet padding, and vehicle mud guards), plastic products, and as a fine aggregate addition (dry process) in asphalt friction courses. Crumb rubber has been used as an asphalt binder modifier... 

Formation of gels by this type of compound is a consequence of the in-compatibihty of perfluoroalkyl and alkyl chains, which leads to the formation of lamellar aggregates additionally stabihzed by intermolecular amide-amide hydrogen bonding. 

The electric double layer (EDL) of a particle is determined by the mechanisms of surface charging and ion adsorption in the Stem layer as well as by the balance of Coulombic and osmotic forces on the ions within the diffuse part of EDL. The latter is described by the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation (PBE, Eq. (3.16)), which needs to be solved numerically for particle aggregates. Additionally, one needs a model for the charge and potential regulation of overlapping EDLs which is inevitable in the case of aggregates and approaching particles. 

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