Agents inactivating microorganisms

Vaccine A preparation of killed or weakened infective or toxic agent used as an inoculation to produce active artificial immunity that is, a suspension of live (usually attenutated) or inactivated microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, virus, or rickettsiae) administered to induce immunity and prevent infectious disease. 

The probable mechanism of action for all of the stable A -halamines involves direct contact of the microorganism with the combined A -halamine, followed by donation of a Cl" or Br" species to a receptor site within the cell, causing oxidation, and subsequent cell inactivation. Once the halogen content is exhausted through reaction with reducing agents, organic impurities. 

Enzymic inactivation The ability to destroy or inactivate the antimicrobial agent also can confer resistance on microorganisms. For example, (3-lactamases destroy many penicillins and cephalosporins and an acetyltransferase can convert chloramphenicol to an inactive compound. 

SA in Table II - nmoles/hr/mg protein and N.D - not detectable. Tobacco, soy cultures and barley seedlings were the best source of ALS, both in terms of specific activity and total units. The enzyme preparations from all sources were unstable in buffer solutions in spite of protective thiol agents. The inactivation of ALS in the crude extract of tobacco showed a distinct biphasic kinetics, implying the presence of at least two isozymes (unpublished observations). The presence of two ALS genes in tobacco (29) and at least three in microorganisms (18) has also been noted by other workers. ALS from barley was most amenable to purification. Table III gives a profile for the rapid purification of this enzyme with high recovery. 

Seed lot system for cells and microorganisms with complete history, genotypic and phenotypic characterization stability of seed lot beyond passage level used for production. Freedom from potentially pathogenic adventitious agents or validated inactivation or elimination procedures with sufficient safety margin. 

All microorganisms and toxin in raw sewage can be completely killed or inactivated in 30 minutes by treatment with ozone. The period of treatment is related to the efficiency of contact between ozone and the agent. Removal of suspended solids from sewage by filtration does not significantly decrease the time required to sterilize or the quantity of ozone used. Between 100 and 200 p.p.m. of ozone produced sterility under the experimental conditions used. 

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