Affinity techniques temperature control

Alkali is usually added in a second stage. However, with low reactivity high affinity dyes it is possible to add the alkah at the beginning of the dyeing process and control the rate of uptake and chemical reaction by temperature control. With high affinity dyes the exhaustion takes place at low temperature rapidly before the chemical reaction becomes significant. If dyes are carefully selected or synthesized to have identical dye uptake it is possible to include all the electrolyte from the beginning and operate an "ah-in" technique. 

The nature and energetics of electronic defects are major factors which control the properties of high-temperature superconductors. Atomistic simulation techniques allow an estimation of the formation energies of these defects. Within the framework of an ionic model, valence band holes are described in localized terms as Cu3 + (hCu) or 0 (h0) and defect electrons as Cu + (eCu)- The formation energy of these defects involves a contribution from the ionization potential/electron affinity of the appropriate ion in addition to a lattice energy term (including the effects of relaxation) and a band contribution, in the case of delocalized carriers (large polarons). 

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