Affinity activating agents

Interfacial rheology deals with the flow behavior in the interfacial region between two immiscible fluid phases (gas-liquid as in foams, and liquid-liquid as in emulsions). The flow is considerably modified by surface active agents present in the system. Surface active agents (surfactants) are molecules with an affinity for the interface and accumulate there forming a packed structure. This results in a variation in physical and chemical properties in a thin interfacial region with a thickness of the order of a few molecular diameters. These... 

Polymeric fibers are popular for reinforcing concrete matrices because of their low density (more number of fibers for a prescribed volume fraction), high tensile strength, ease of dispersion, relative resistance to chemicals, and relatively low cost compared to other kinds of fibers. Polypropylene and polyolefin fibers are typically hydrophobic, resulting in a relatively poor bond with concrete matrices compared to some other types of fibers. Treatment of polypropylene with an aqueous dispersion of colloidal alumina or silica and chlorinated polypropylene enhances the affinity of these fibers toward cement particles. Treatment of polypropylene fibers with a surface-active agent provides better dispersion of the fibers and a stronger bond between cement and fiber. The earlier attempts at surface treatments of polypropylene fibers have had only limited success and have not been commercially attractive. 

Affinity labeling agents are intrinsically reactive compounds that initially bind reversibly to the active site of the enzyme then undergo chemical reaction (generally an acylation or alkylation reaction) with a nucleophile on the enzyme (Scheme 8). To differentiate a reversible inhibitor from an irreversible one, often the dissociation constant is written with a capital i, K (65), instead of a small i, K, which is used for reversible inhibitors. The K denotes the concentration of an inactivator that produces half-maximal inactivation. Note that this kinetic Scheme is similar to that for substrate turnover except instead of the catalytic rate constant, kcat for product formation, kmact is used to denote the maximal rate constant for inactivation. 

Surface active agent. A chemical compound, which when dissolved or dispersed in a liquid, is absorbed at an interface giving rise to a number of important chemical properties. The compound includes in its molecule one group that has an affinity for polar surfaces, ensuring solubilization in water, and a group that has little affinity for water. 

Such amphiphile molecules are surface active agents, abbreviated as surfactants . This means they decrease the surface tension at the interface between liquid water and a solid, liquid or gas made of other molecules that have a low affinity for H2O. The surface of liquid... 

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