Adhesion Processes in Electrical Reprography

Electrical reprography as a basically new field in image reproduction. The operating principle may involve electrical, electromagnetic, or other physical processes. An important branch of electrical reprography with very widespread applications is xerography.  

The production of an xerographic image takes place in the following basic stages charging of a semiconductor layer, exposure and formation of the image. 

Adhesion and autohesion are critical factors in the following stages of the xerographic process (Fig. XII.5) the attachment of the toner particles 3 on the surface of a carrier particle 4 and formation of the developer complex the development, i.e., detachment of the toner particles and retention of these particles on the charged sections of the semiconductor layer 1 the detachment of particles from the semiconductor layer and transfer of the resultant image to paper 5 and the fixing of the image 7. 

Adhesion of Toner to Surface of Carrier Particle. Toner particles stick to the surface of the carrier particles when they are mixed. This forms a developer complex 3,4 (see Fig. XII.5). The carrier particles fulfill auxiliary functions, i.e., they impart a charge to the toner particles, opposite in sign to the charge of the semiconductor layer 1, and they deliver the charged particles to this layer. 

Let us denote the force of adhesion between the toner and carrier particles as Fad accordance with earlier discussions (see Chaper IV), 

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