Adenosine 5 -triphosphate structure

The structure and formation of ATP. (A) The chemical structure of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). "C" indicates carbon, "N" nitrogen, "O" oxygen, "H" hydrogen and "P" phosphorus. Note the negative charges on the phosphate groups (PO3 ). (B) ATP can be formed from adenosine diphosphate (ADP). 

Adenosine triphosphate, coupled reactions and. 1128-1129 function of, 157, 1127-1128 reaction with glucose, 1129 structure of, 157, 1044 S-Adenosylmethionine, from methionine, 669 function of, 382-383 stereochemistry of, 315 structure of, 1045 Adipic acid, structure of, 753 ADP, sec Adenosine diphosphate Adrenaline, biosynthesis of, 382-383 molecular model of, 323 slructure of, 24... 

Atorvastatin, structure of, 105. 516 ATP (see Adenosine triphosphate) ATZ, see Anilinothiazolinone, 1031-1032 Aufbau principle. 6 Axial bonds (cyclohexane), 119 drawing, 120 Azide, amines from, 929 reduction of, 929 Azide synthesis, 929 Azo compound, 944 synthesis of, 944-945 uses of. 945... 

Phosphate also plays a central role in the transmission and control of chemical energy within the cells primarily via the hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate ester bond of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecule (Fig. 14-3b). In addition, phosphate is a necessary constituent of phospholipids, which are important components in cell membranes, and as mentioned before, of apatite, which forms structural body parts such as teeth and bones. It is not surprising, therefore, that the cycling of P is closely linked with biological processes. This connection is, in fact, inseparable as organisms cannot exist without P, and their existence controls, to a large extent, the natural distribution of P. 

Phosphate ion is a major participant in the biological energy cycle through the reactions of mono-, di-, and triphosphates, including one of the most important of these reactions, producing adenosine diphosphate from adenosine triphosphate (see structures in Section 2.3.1, Table 2.2) ... 

Phosphorus is one of the inorganic macronutrients in all known forms of life. Inorganic phosphorus in the form of phosphate (PO/ ) plays a major role in vital biological molecules, such as DNA and RNA. Living cells also utilize phosphate to transport cellular energy via adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Phospholipids are the main structural components of all cellular membranes. Calcium phosphate salts are... 

Nucleosides are also encountered in the structures of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and coenzyme A (HSCoA). ATP provides nature with its currency unit for energy. Hydrolysis of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) liberates energy, which can be coupled to energy-requiring processes in biochemistry, and synthesis of ATP from ADP can be coupled to energy-releasing processes (see Box 7.25). 

Fig. 6. One dimeric unit [Na2ATP2] in the structure of disodium adenosine triphosphate trihydrate (57). The broken line indicates a N—H...O hydrogen bond...

Since active transport often requires energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), compounds or conditions that inhibit energy production (e.g., iodoac-etate, fluoride, cyanide, anaerobiosis) will impair active transport. The transport of a given compound also can be inhibited competitively by the coadministration of other compounds of sufficient structural similarity that they can compete with the first substance for sites on the carrier protein. 

Figure 12-2 (a) Structure of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), with ligand atoms shown in color. 

Although precise positioning of the reactants is a fundamental aspect of enzyme catalysis, most enzymes undergo some change in their structure when they bind substrates. A particularly dramatic example is hexokinase, which catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to glucose. 

---