Adenosine triphosphate , signal

Calculation of Conformational Free Energies for a Model of a Bilobal Enzyme Protein kinases catalyze the transfer of phosphate from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to protein substrates and are regulatory elements of most known pathways of signal transduction. 

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a purine nucleotide involved in extracellular signalling, as well as acting as an intracellular energy source. 

FIGURE 14-6 Main signaling pathways for histamine receptors. Histamine can couple to a variety of G-protein-linked signal transduction pathways via its four different receptors. The Hj receptor activates the phosphatidylinositol turnover via Gq/11 proteins. The other receptors either positively (H2 receptor) or negatively (H3 and H4 receptor) regulate adenylyl cyclase activity via Gs and GUo protein activation respectively. Several additional signaling pathways have been described, which are not shown. Abbreviations PfP2, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate PIC, phospholipase C AC, adenylyl cyclase ATP, adenosine triphosphate cAMP, cyclic AMP PKC, protein kinase C PICA, protein kinase A. 

Magnesium ions are also involved in biological processes and occur in cells at millimolar concentrations [315]. Magnesium can be estimated based on the chemical shift difference of the resonances of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using P NMR [316-318], though P NMR has intrinsically low signal-to-noise, exacerbated under many pathophysiological conditions, such as ischemia. 

AKT another name for PKB ASK apoptosis signal-regulating kinase ATP adenosine triphosphate BAD BCL-associated death... 

Plate 5 Costs of chemical defence and signal compounds. Abbreviations ATP, adenosine triphosphate NADPH2, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced form). (Fig. 1.6, p. 14)... 

Figure 8 Simplified diagram of a signaling cascade that involves NE, BDNF, and CREB after NE acts on the postsynaptic fi-noradrenergic receptor. NE couples to a G protein (Gas), which stimulates the production of cAMP from adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This reaction is catalyzed by adenylate cyclase (AC). cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA). Inside the cell, PKA phosphorylates (P) the CREB protein, which binds upstream from specific regions of genes and regulates their expression. BDNF is one target of cAMP signaling pathways in the brain. CRE, cyclic AMP regulatory element ER, endoplasmic reticulum, [reprinted from Reference 76 with permission of the author and the publisher, Canadian Medical Association].

Three signals from adenosine triphosphate are readily observed... 

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