Adenosine diphosphate biosynthesis

Adenosine triphosphate, coupled reactions and. 1128-1129 function of, 157, 1127-1128 reaction with glucose, 1129 structure of, 157, 1044 S-Adenosylmethionine, from methionine, 669 function of, 382-383 stereochemistry of, 315 structure of, 1045 Adipic acid, structure of, 753 ADP, sec Adenosine diphosphate Adrenaline, biosynthesis of, 382-383 molecular model of, 323 slructure of, 24... 

The ATP molecule contains pyrophosphate linkages (bonds formed when two phosphate units are combined together) that release energy when needed. ATP can be hydrolyzed in two ways the removal of terminal phosphate to form adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate, or the removal of a terminal diphosphate to yield adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and pyrophosphate. The latter is usually cleaved further to yield two phosphates. This results in biosynthesis reactions, which do not occur alone, that can be driven in the direction of synthesis when the phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. 

Ghosh, H. P., and Preiss, J. 1966. Adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase A regulatory enzyme in the biosynthesis of starch in spinach chloroplasts. J. Biol. Chem. 241, 4491-4505. 

ATP plays a central role in cellular maintenance both as a chemical for biosynthesis of macromolecules and as the major soirrce of energy for all cellular metabolism. ATP is utilized in numerous biochemical reactions including the eitric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, and pyruvate dehydrogenase. ATP also drives ion transporters sueh as Ca -ATPase in the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membranes, H+-ATPase in the lysosomal membrane, and Na+/K+-ATPase in the plasma membrane. Chemieal energy (30.5 kJ/mol) is released by the hydrolysis of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). 

Figure 1.4 Compaitmentation of biosynthesis and sequestration. Abbreviations SM, secondary metabolites CS-SM, conjugate of SM with glutathione NPAAs, non-protein amino acids ATP, adenosine triphosphate ADP, adenosine diphosphate mt, mitochondrion cp, chloroplast nc, nucleus 1, passive transport 2, free diffusion 3, H+/SM antiporter 4, ABC transporter for SM conjugated with glutathione 5, ABC transporter for free SM 6, H+-ATPase. (See Plate 3 in colour plate section.)...

Whereas catabolism involves oxidation of starting molecnles, biosynthesis or anabolism involves reduction reactions, hence the need for a reducing agent or hydrogen donor, which is usually NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). These catalysts are known as coenzymes and the most widely occurring is coenzyme A (CoA), made up of ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and pantetheine phosphate. 

The sugar nucleotides (an uninformative name that has been used for glycosyl nucleotides, or more strictly, glycosyl esters of nucleoside di- or mono-phosphates) were discussed in this Series12 in 1973. Since then, accumulation of new data about these derivatives has continued, and now, about 35 representatives of this class are known to participate in the biosynthesis of polysaccharide chains of bacterial polymers (for a survey, see Ref. 13). These include glycosyl esters of uridine 5 -diphosphate (UDP), thymidine 5 -diphosphate (dTDP), guanosine 5 -diphosphate (GDP), cytidine 5 -diphosphate (CDP), cytidine 5 -monophosphate (CMP), and adenosine 5 -diphosphate (ADP). 

Figure 14 IPT and tRNA-IPT reaction for primary cytokinin biosynthesis. Circles and A in tRNA show anticodon and adenosine, respectively. iPRMP, iP riboside 5 -monophosphate iPRDP, iP riboside 5 -diphosphate iPRTP, iP riboside 5 -triphosphate tZRMP, tZ riboside 5 -monophosphate PP, diphosphoric acid.

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