Adenine triphosphate

Watanabe, R. Ishikawa, M. Kobayashi, K. Takakura, K. Damage to adenine-triphosphate induced by monochromatic X-rays around the K-shell absorption edge of phosphorus. Howell, R.W., Narra, V.R., Sastry, K.S.R., Rao, D.V. Biophysical Aspects of Auger Processes. American Association of Physicists in Medicine, 1992 24-36 pp. 

An important aspect of enzymatic oxidation-reduction reactions involves the transfer of hydrogen atoms. This transfer is mediated by coenzymes (substances that act together with enzymes) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). These two species pick up H atoms to produce NADH and NADPH, respectively, both of which can function as hydrogen atom donors. Another pair of species involved in oxidation-reduction processes by hydrogen atom transfer consists of flavin adenine triphosphate (FAD) and its hydrogenated form FADH2. The structural formulas of NAD and its cationic form, NAD+, are shown in Figure 4.7. 

Protein phosphorylation typically occurs on Ser, Thr, and Tyr residues (Fig. 1), although His and Asp residues can also be phosphorylated as in bacteria two-component signal transduction systems. The universal phosphate donor is adenine triphosphate (ATP, Fig. 8), and the reaction is catalyzed by more than 500 kinases in humans. Many kinases are Ser/Thr specific, some are Tyr specific, whereas some have dual specificity. It was reported that inositol pyrophosphate (1P7) can also serve as phosphate donor in protein phosphorylation (36). However, the... 

A. adenine triphosphate B. adenine phosphate C. adenosine diphosphate D. adenosine triphosphate... 

All organic tin compounds inhibit mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (hydrolysis of adenine triphosphate) and brain glucose oxidation and are toxic. Very little data are available on inorganic tin. 

The biosynthesis of SAM 1 is catalyzed by S-adenosyhnethionine synthetase (also called methionine adenosyltransferase, MTA), where c-Met 7 and adenine triphosphate (ATP) are substrates to result in SAM and inorganic phosphate (Pj) and inorganic pyrophosphate (PPj) (Scheme 18.5, pathway i). The hydrolysis of the... 

Meyerhof has shown that hexose phosphorylation requires Mg ions and co-zymase, which reacts with the sugar to yield hexose diphosphate and adenylic acid in a manner comparable to the action of adenine triphosphate as a phosphate carrier in muscle glycolysis. 

Atkinson, D. E. and Fall, L. 1967. Adenine triphosphate conservation in biosynthetic regulation Escherichia coli phosphori-bosylpyrophosphate synthetase. J. Biol. Chem. 242 3241-3242. 

Glucose [50-99-7] urea [57-13-6] (qv), and cholesterol [57-88-5] (see Steroids) are the substrates most frequentiy measured, although there are many more substrates or metaboUtes that are determined in clinical laboratories using enzymes. Co-enzymes such as adenosine triphosphate [56-65-5] (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [53-84-9] in its oxidized (NAD" ) or reduced (NADH) [58-68-4] form can be considered substrates. Enzymatic analysis is covered in detail elsewhere (9). 

Fig. 33. Stepwise preparative desorption chromatography of phosphoric esters of adenosine on CS-AV-17 cellosorbent 1) adenine, 2) adenosine, 3) adenosine monophosphate, 4) adenosine diphosphate, 5) adenosine triphosphate...

Figure 13.1 Chemical structures of, and relationship between, adenosine and adenosine 5 -triphosphate (ATP). Adenosine contains an adenine ring and ribose component. Phosphorylation of the latter s termial (C5) hydroxy with three phosphate groups gives ATP...

Catalysis by flavoenzymes has been reviewed and various analogues of FAD have been prepared e.g. P -adenosine-P -riboflavin triphosphate and flavin-nicotinamide dinucleotide ) which show little enzymic activity. The kinetic constants of the interaction between nicotinamide-4-methyl-5-acetylimidazole dinucleotide (39) and lactic dehydrogenase suggest the presence of an anionic group near the adenine residue at the coenzyme binding site of the enzyme. ... 

Such enzymes catalyse the condensation of specific compounds, accompanied by the breakdown of a pyrophosphate bond in adenosine triphosphate (10.64). Adenosine is the condensation product of a pentose (D-ribofuranose) and a purine (adenine). Scheme 10.15 shows the action of glutamine synthetase on a mixture of L-glutamic acid (10.65) and... 

In the processes that require regeneration of cofactors such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), whole-cell biotransformations are more advantageous than enzymatic systems [12,15]. Whole cells also have a competitive edge over the isolated enzymes in complex conversions involving multiple enzymatic reactions [14]. 

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