Adaptation Mechanisms to the GIT Environment

The activation of the arginine deiminase (ADI) pathway also contributes to the restoration of optimal cytoplasm pH in Lactobacillus (De Angelis and Gobbetti 2004 Lee et al. 2008b Lee and Pi 2010). As this metabolic pathway is absent in Bifidobacterium, the s3mthesis of higher amounts of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and glutamine 

Glutamine synthetase, enzymes involved in BCAA biosynthesis 

Proteins involved in transcription, translation, nucleotide and amino acid biosynthesis, DNA-repair 

In addition, bile exposure induced the overexpression of ABC-type multidrug transporters and the activity of bUe efflux pumps for bile salts extrusion (Ctr and BetA in Bifidobacterium) (Sanchez et al. 2008a Ruiz et al. 2009 Hamon et al. 2011, 2012 Koskenniemi et al. 2011). 

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