Adaptability, fractionation techniques characterization

To understand the importance of nanostructures in microsieving membranes, the basic structure of nanophased ceramics must be briefly described. Because the particles are extremely small, one to a few tens of nanometers, an important fraction of the atoms is found in or very near the interface between grains, as reported in Table 2 [32]. Figure 11 is a schematic representation of a nanophase material. One can see that individual grains in the 5 nm range induce a biphasic material with an interfacial phase between the grains and a residual nanoporosity, evidenced by positron lifetime spectroscopy [33]. Transmission electron microscopy is also a well-adapted technique for nanoscale structure characterization, as illustrated later. 

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