Acute subarachnoidal hemorrhage

Adrenomedullin (AM). Adrenomedullin is a polypeptide produced by vascular smooth muscle, nerve, heart, and other organs. An increased serum concentration has been reported in patients with essential hypertension, heart failure, and renal failure. There have been few reports of AM in CSF, as related to cerebrovascular disease. The concentrations in CSF can be significantly higher in patients with acute subarachnoidal hemorrhage than in those with nonacute cerebrovascular disease (K7). 

Woodcock RJ Jr, Short J, Do HM et al (2001) Imaging of acute subarachnoid hemorrhage with a fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence in an animal model comparison with non-contrast-enhanced CT. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22 1698-1703... 

Amenta PS, Dalyai RT, Kung D, Toporowski A, Chandela S, Hasan D, et al. Stent-assisted coiling of wide-necked aneurysms in the setting of acute subarachnoid hemorrhage experience in 65 patients. Neurosurgery 2012 70(6) 1415-29. 

Parra A, Kreiter KT, Williams S, Sciacca R, Mack WJ, Naidech AM, Commichau CS, Fitzsimmons BF, Janjua N, Mayer SA, Connolly Jr. ES, Effect of prior statin use on functional outcome and delayed vasospasm after acute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage a matched controlled cohort study. Neurosurgery 2005 56 476 84 [discussion 476 84]. 

Tseng MY, Czosnyka M, Richards H, Pickard JD, Kirkpatrick PJ. Effects of acute treatment with pravastatin on cerebral vasospasm, autoregulation, and delayed ischemic deficits after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage a phase II randomized placebo-controlled trial. Stroke 2005 36 1627-1632. 

Mase, M., et al. (1999). Acute and transient increase of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (beta-trace) level in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosci. Lett. 270, 188-90. 

Increase in TXA2 synthesis at 5 min and 1 week of reperfusion suggests role in acute events and later stages of neurological dysfunction (Shohami et al., 1987). TXA2 synthetase inhibitor decreases vasospasm and reduces neurological deterioration after subarachnoid hemorrhage (Tokiyoshi et al., 1991). 

Kehl F, Cambj-Sapunar L, Maier KG, Miyata N, Kametani S, et al. 2002. 20-HETE contributes to the acute fall in cerebral blood flow after subarachnoid hemorrhage in the rat. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 282 H1556-1565. 

The OXVASC study showed that the annual incidence of stroke in the UK in the first few years of this century, including subarachnoid hemorrhage, was 2.3/1000 and the incidence of TIA was 0.5/1000 (Rothwell et al. 2005), with about a quarter of events occurring in those under the age of 65 and about a half in those above the age of 75 (Fig. 1.1). The incidence of cerebrovascular events in OXVASC was similar to that of acute coronary vascular events in the same population during the same period (Fig. 1.2), with a similar age distribution (Rothwell et al 2005). Incidence rates, however, measure first-ever-in-a-lifetime definite events only and exclude possible, recurrent and suspected events, so do not represent the true burden of a condition. This is especially true for TIA, where a significant proportion of cases referred to a TIA service have alternative, non-vascular... 

Subarachnoid hemorrhage Acute painful neck conditions Meningitis/encephalitis Cerebellar/brainstem stroke Intraventricular hemorrhage Recent head injury Migraine... 

Hellingman CA, van den Bergh WM, Beijer IS et al. (2007). Risk of rebleeding after treatment of acute hydrocephalus in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 38 96-99... 

Bamford J, Sandercodc P, Dennis M, Bum J, Warlow C. A prospective sturfy of acute cerebrovascular disease in the community the Oxfordriiire Community SUoke Project 1981-1986.2. Incidence, case fatality and overall outcome at one year of cerebral infarcticm, primary intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990 53 16-22. 

The rise in the plasma sodium concentration and osmolality causes acute water movement from the intracellular to the extracellular fluid. In the brain this decrease in volume can cause rupture of the cerebral veins, leading to focal intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhages and possible irreversible neurologic damage. 

Therapeutic Potential of the Lazaroids (21-Aminosteroids) in Acute Central Nervous System Trauma, Ischemia, and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Edward D. Hull, John M. McCall and Eugene D. Means... 

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