Actual correctness criteria

Smith (1984) suggested that sperm competition would occur whenever a woman had sex with two different men within 7—9 days, this being the maximum active life of human sperm once inside the cervix. He was probably correct (Baker and Beilis 1995), but to be conservative, I have in the past used a 5-day criterion, using the fertile rather than the active life of sperm (Baker and Beilis 1995). Other authors (e.g. Gomendio and Roldan 1993) would prefer to be even more conservative and use a criterion of only 2-3 days but, as shown previously (Baker and Beilis 1995), even this actually makes very little difference to estimates of the level of sperm competition. If a woman is going to have sex with two different men within the space of 7 days, she almost always does so within 2-3 days, perhaps precisely so as to promote the most active sperm competition (Beilis and Baker 1990). Estimates for the UK suggest that about 4% of children are the result of sperm competition, each being conceived while their mother contains sperm in her reproductive tract from two or more different men (Baker and Beilis 1995). 

Compare P° ° with the actual total pressure given, P. ff it is sufficiently close to P (perhaps using a relative convergence criterion of 10 ), the guess T is correct. The vapor composition can then be calculated fi om Eq. (4.5). 

It may at times appear that a single measurement (an outlier) is so different from the others that the analyst wonders if there was some determinate error that was not detected. In that case, a decision must be made as to whether this measurement should be "rejected," meaning not included in the calculation of the mean. This measurement should not be immediately rejected as being "bad" because, in the absence of a full investigation to determine a cause, it may, in fact, be legitimate. If a legitimate measurement is rejected, then a bias is introduced, and the mean, while assumed to be the correct answer, actually is flawed. There must be some criterion adopted for the rejection or retention of such data. 

The calculated rate constants correspond to an apparent activation of about 84 Kcal. However, a 20 per cent error in the observed rate constants over this temperature range could lead to an average error of 8 Kcal. Such uncertainties, together with the complexity of the mechanism, make activation energy calculations a very poor criterion of the correctness of the mechanism. The actual spread in absolute rate constants by different laboratories covers a range of about 20 to 80 per cent at any given temperature. 

However, other examples are known in which the Bunnett criterion does not lead to the correct answer, either [90]. For the hydrolysis of methyl-a-D-glucopyranoside, an A2 mechanism is suggested by a value of w = +1.6 [89]. However, there is no doubt that the mechanism must be Al, and this is confirmed by the AV1 [41] and AS [50] values (see Tables 2 and 3). For the racemization of sec. -butanol, w = +1.3 which also apparently indicates an A2 mechanism [89], though an Al mechanism is more likely because of the expected steric hindrance. Actually, the A V value observed by Withey and Whalley [41] supplies very strong evidence for an Al mechanism. 

What is now generally referred as due to Foster and Boys was actually first formulated by Edmiston and Ruedenberg with whose names the other criterion is associated correctly. 

The actual internal energy E for the Cartesian coordinates and momenta chosen from steps 1 and 2 is calculated using the correct Hamiltonian and compared with the intended energy E°. If they do not agree within some acceptance criterion, the Cartesian coordinates and momenta are scaled according to... 

A simple way (actually the only way) to determine this low temperature amorphous phase is to use a theory that correctly predicts the behavior of the liquid and extend it to low temperatures. One obviously should use the most realistic existing equilibrium theory to obtain the low temperature phase. The predictions are the two equations of state, S-V-T and P-V-T which are each derived from the Helmholtz free energy F which is in turn obtained from the partition function (F=-kTLnQ). In obtaining the S-V-T equation of state it is discovered that the configurational entropy Sc defined as the total entropy minus the vibrational entropy, approaches zero at a finite temperature (4), This vanishing of Sc is taken as the thermodynamic criterion of glass formation (5,6). 

The fully stretched length of the tail is 1.5415 nm. The radius of the micelle is R = 0.4258// nm, but it is required that i 7 or 3.621 or TV 58 at 25°C, which is less than the reported value of 62 and the similar value foimd in Example 4.1. Hence relatively short cylindrical micelles are expected for SDS. For cetyl pyridium chloride, = 16, 4 = 2.68 nm, and N 249. Its aggregation number is 138, and such micelles are correctly predicted to be spherical. For sodium octyl sulfate, N < 21.5. Actual values lie in the range of 24 to 31 and experimental measurements indicate that it forms spherical micelles and not cylindrical ones, showing that the simple geometric criterion employed is not always adequate. 

Density requirements may also be set by the mentioned Pharmacopoeias, for the relative density of a liquid or solution. For alcoholic solutions such a requirement may be useful to determine whether the correct quality and the correct volume of ethanol have been used in the preparation process. The same is true for other preparations of which the density deviates strongly from water, for example because of the presence of dissolved substances. Preparations that, for example, contain a high percentage of sorbitol or glycerol are well characterised by their density and a determination of the density actually becomes an important identity criterion. The requirements for the relative density are not strictly defined, because the nature and amotmts of the excipients may have a significant impact oti the density of a product. As guidance a precision of maximally three decimal places may be appropriate, with limits of 0.020 unless there is practical information available that requires wider or stricter limits. 

Fhe cycle may now be repeated using X = X and starting the relaxation procedure with the equal to the modified A< > which appeared at the end of the previous cycle. For practical details of the numerical relaxation procedure, the reader is referred to Southwell s book. It has heen shown 1 that this procedure converges upon the greatest characteristic value Xi, when X > Hu, all t, and upon the least characteristic N alue, n, when X< > < Hu, all t. Actually, the convergence will be more lapid if the maximum et/Hu rather than et is used as the criterion for selecting the eciuation which determines the size of the correction to Aj , . 

For use in the analysis of actual v in which r is les than infinity this ratio bnx>mes Sir/re and a correction mus be made to the valu ei stress determined from the figaw since fibe limits of the initegraticHi are no longer from one t infinity. The use of the figure in this manner assumes th criterion of dimensional dmiiarity mentioned earlier. B illustrate the use of the stfi curve examples will be gdves... 

We present the wavelength selection criterion to use for this situation in the form of some actual data where some defective materials were to be distinguished from the good material. In this case the defects in the materials were due to the leaving out of various ingredients that were supposed to be part of the product, as well as not having the correct amount of the desired material present. 

The leak model can be determined by applying a criterion, the ratio of the corrected activity concentrations ( Icorr) of and where the actual concentrations of the... 

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