Active transport diagram

Figure 13.15 A diagram representing the Ca ion cycle between the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and the cytosol. The Ca ion release from the SR is down a concentration gradient of about 1000-fold. The re-uptake of Ca ions back into the SR, therefore, reguires ATP hydrolysis to provide the energy to overcome this gradient (i.e. active transport). This is a transport cycle, equivalent to a substrate cycle (Chapter 3). The release of Ca ions is via a Ca ion channel. See text for details of acb vab on of the...

The diagram shown in Figure 1 summarizes the basic precepts of secondary active transport systems including (a) binding at cis side, (b) translocation, and (c) release at trans side and relocation of unloaded carrier. Only the fully loaded and the empty carriers are presumed to translocate rapidly. Since the system is reversible, the same characteristics apply at the cis and trans sides of the membrane. Although the numerical values of the K and Vmax may differ at the two surfaces (asymmetric system) even in the absence of electrical and chemical gradients for either solute, the ratios ofVmax/Ks at both sides of the membrane will be equivalent. 

Cl H (active transport) A simplifieci diagram of the human stomach. 

The Cora code was developed in the US it is based on the principal aspects of corrosion product transport in a PWR plant and it permits a time-dependent calculation of the radionuclide activities and concentrations, of the corrosion product masses and the activity concentrations they contain, as well as of the radiation levels at the primary circuit surfaces. As can be seen from Fig. 4.41., where a schematic diagram of the improved code Cora-II is shown (Kang and Sejvar, 1985), this code uses 8 nodes for the activity transport and 2 additional nodes for the mass transport, taking into account the total masses inside and outside the neutron field. In each node the general mass balance is defined according to... 

The General Electric model (Lin et al., 1981) is a comprehensive analytical description of the activity transport as well as of the activity buildup. Iron transport and cobalt transport are treated in separate sets of equations of balance. The block diagram of Co/ Co transport is shown in Fig. 4.51. In this model, several interactions are considered to exist between dissolved ions and corrosion product particles, including adsorption of ionic species onto the surfaces of the particles. Moreover, both particulate and dissolved species are assumed to be deposited onto the surfaces of the fuel rods, with corrosion product particles playing an important role in the deposition of the ionic species. The fuel rod deposits are assumed to consist of two layers, loosely-adherent and tenacious ones, and a certain amount... 

ATP hydrolysis by ATPase adjacent to L2 would also be mandatory for the dissociation on side II of the RS complex of actively transported molecules. Though the mechanism involved is uncertain, this assumption is consistent with similar suggestions made elsewhere. In this regard, it is interesting to note similarities in diagrams I and II, Fig. 24, representing, respectively, the general molecular transport mechanism described here, and that proposed for a permease (Fox and Kennedy, 1965 Kennedy, 1966). 

Fig. 60. Diagram of active transport (after Heinz, modified). Substance A diffuses from the outside (at left) into the membrane there combines with carrier X and then is released to the interior of the cell (at right). The transport across the membrane is ATP dependent.

Fig. 13. Diagram of an active transport glucose-pump with permanent structure ion-selective poly anionic external valve-membrane hexokinase layer (heat sink equivalent for glucose Glucose+...

Fig. 15. Diagram of an active transport pump model based on a dissipative functional structure. The necessary dissipation to create this structure is here the diffusion of an acid and its gradient this creates inverse allotopic activation or inhibition on face 1 and face 2 of the two enzymes of different...

Fig. 16. Diagram of an active transport pump model with permanent functional structure. The local pH difference between faces 1 and 2 is due to different fixed chares (Allotopia due to regulation...

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the stoichometry of ion flux coupling and the chloride channel activity of glutamate transporters. Glutamate is coupled to the co-transport of 3 Na+, 1K+, and the countertransport of 1 K+. In addition, glutamate and Na+ binding to the transporter activates an uncoupled chloride flux through the transporter.

Schematic diagram of a cardiac muscle sarcomere, with sites of action of several drugs that alter contractility (numbered structures). Site 1 is Na+/K+ ATPase, the sodium pump. Site 2 is the sodium/calcium exchanger. Site 3 is the voltage-gated calcium channel. Site 4 is a calcium transporter that pumps calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Site 5 is a calcium channel in the membrane of the SR that is triggered to release stored calcium by activator calcium. Site 6 is the actin-troponin-tropomyosin complex at which activator calcium brings about the contractile interaction of actin and myosin.

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