Activated titanium anodes preparation

In 1800, Cruickshank was the first to prepare chlorine electrochemically [38] however, the process was of little significance until the development of a suitable generator by Siemens and of synthetic graphite for anodes by Acheson and Castner in 1892. These two developments made possible the electrolytic production of chlorine, the chlor-alkali process, on an industrial scale. About the same time, both the diaphragm cell process (1885) and the mercury cell process (1892) were introduced. The membrane cell process was developed much mpre recently (1970). Currently, more than 95 % of world chlorine production is obtained by the chlor-alkali process. Since 1970 graphite anodes have been superseded by activated titanium anodes in the diaphragm and mercury cell processes. The newer membrane cell process uses only activated titanium anodes. 

The electrocatalytic behavior of olefins was studied by Zanta et al. (2000) at thermally prepared ruthenium-titanium- and iridium-titanium-dioxide-coated anodes. The aliphatic olefins were shown to be inactive in the region before oxygen evolution, while aromatic ones showed one or two oxidation peaks, and the catalytic activity seemed to be the same for both substrates. However, as for platinum anodes, voltammetric studies and FTIR analyses have also shown the formation of a polymeric film that blocks the surface of the electrode and decreases its activity. 

An Effect of Heat Treatment on the Activity of Titanium Dioxide Film Electrodes for Photosensitized Oxidation of Water Heat treatment in argon atmosphere found to improve performance of both anodic and pyrolytically prepared TiCte films. 241... 

Different techniques have been used for the preparation of the so called Dimensionally Stable Anodes (DSA) which consist of a thin layer of active coating (1 - lOp) on an inert substrate usually titanium. 

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