Acids, organic aldehydic

Like propane, the noncatalytic oxidation of butane yields a variety of products including organic acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and olefins. Although the noncatalytic oxidation of butane produces mainly aldehydes and alcohols, the catalyzed oxidation yields predominantly acids. 

Write the general formula of each of the following types of compounds, using R to denote an organic group (a) amine (b) alcohol (c) carboxylic acid (d) aldehyde. 

The compounds implicated in allelopathy have been divided into chemical classes by recent reviewers (4, 20). They can be arbitrarily classed as (A) hydrocarbons, (B) organic acids and aldehydes, (C) aromatic acids, (D) simple unsaturated lactones,... 

In 1998, Miyaura reported a Rh(acac)(CO)2/dppp-catalyzed addition of aryl or alkenylboronic acids to aldehydes in aqueous organic mixtures under an inert atmosphere (Eq. 8.85).216 The use of electron-rich tri(tm-butyl)phosphine as ligand was found to be beneficial for obtaining good yields of the corresponding aldehyde addition products.217... 

Reactions with dioxygen generally afford the corresponding metal carbonyl derivatives, with loss of organic aldehyde or acid. This reaction can be expressed as an analog of multiple bond metathesis and corresponds to oxidation of vinylidene to CO [46]. Oxidation of OsHCl(=C=CHPh)(L)2 affords the styryl complex 0sC102( -CH=CHPh)(L)2 [243]. 

Zhang, J., W. E. Wilson, and P. J. Lioy, Indoor Air Chemistry Formation of Organic Acids and Aldehydes, Environ, ScL TechnoL, 28, 1975-1982 (1994b). 

Volume 2 covers oxygenated hydrocarbons (such ns organic acids, ketones, aldehydes, ethers, and esters), nitrogen containing hydrocarbons, aromatic, cyclic hydrocarbons, and sulfur containing hydrocarbons... 

Numerous useful transition metal-catalyzed reactions of organic halides are now known. Practical syntheses of esters, acids, amides, aldehydes, olefins, ketones, and acetylenes have been described. In many instances the metal-catalyzed reactions are superior to more conventional, purely organic routes to the same compounds. 

Once again the principal reaction products at high absorbed doses are the more oxidized organic aldehydes and acids. 

Azomethine ylides are organic 1,3-dipoles possessing a carbanion next to an im-monium ion [ 12]. Cycloadditions to dipolarophiles provide access to pyrrolidine derivatives, useful intermediates in organic synthesis with stereo- and regiochem-ical control. Azomethine ylides can be readily produced upon decarboxylation of immonium salts derived from the condensation of a-amino acids with aldehydes or ketones. When they are added to C60, a fulleropyrrolidine monoadduct is formed in which a pyrrolidine ring is fused to the junction between two six-memberedrings of afullerene [13-15].Very importantly,functionalized aldehydes lead to the formation of 2-substituted fulleropyrrolidines, whereas reaction with AT-substituted glycines leads to AT-substituted fulleropyrrolidines (Scheme 1). 

The external cuticle of insects is covered by a waxy layer composed of mixtures of hydro-phobic lipids that include long-chain alkanes, alkenes, wax esters, fatty acids, alcohols, aldehydes, and sterols. The primary purpose of this layer is to maintain water balance and prevent desiccation, as described in Chapter 6, but many of the cuticular lipid components have important secondary roles as intraspecific contact chemical signals (pheromones). These roles include species and sex recognition during reproductive interactions, and nestmate recognition and other colony organization functions in social insects. Thus, these compounds are essential mediators of insect behaviors. Cuticular compounds are also exploited by parasitoids and predators as interspecific contact cues (kairomones) to aid in host location. 

In CM 18.2, pH is measured for a 10% solution (w/v in the case of liquids, and w/w in the case of solids). Because of the identities of the chemicals in the training set (Table 18.4), the domain of the model is expected to cover organic acids, inorganic acids, organic bases, inorganic bases, mixtures, neutral organics (such as alcohols, ketones and esters), phenols, and electrophiles (such as aldehydes and alkyl halides). It is important to note that the domain of CM 18.2 excludes insoluble chemicals and chemicals that react with water. 

The production of oxalic acid as a stable product is shown in Eq. (76). As with TCE, the principal reaction products at high absorbed doses would be the more oxidized organic aldehydes and acids. 

R. A. W. Johnstone, Reduction of Carboxylic Acids to Aldehydes by Metal Hydrides, in Comprehensive Organic Synthesis (B. M. Trost, I. Fleming, Eds.), Vol. 8, 259, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1991. 

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