Acids oleum

Acetic acid Chromium(VI) oxide, chlorosulfonic acid, ethylene glycol, ethyleneimine, hydroxyl compounds, nitric acid, oleum, perchloric acid, peroxides, permanganates, potasssium r rf-butoxide, PCI3... 

Aniline Nitric acid, peroxides, oxidizing materials, acetic anhydride, chlorosulfonic acid, oleum, ozone... 

Nitropropane See under Nitromethane chlorosulfonic acid, oleum... 

Pyridine Chlorosulfonic acid, chromium trioxide, formamide, maleic anhydride, nitric acid, oleum, perchromates, silver perchlorate, sulfuric acid... 

Sulfation and Sulfonation. a-Olefin reactions involving the introduction of sulfur-containing functional groups have commercial importance. As with many derivatives of olefins, several of these products have appHcations in the area of surfactants (qv) and detergents. Typical sulfur reagents utilized in these processes include sulfuric acid, oleum, chlorosulfonic acid, sulfur trioxide, and sodium bisulfite. 

Table 5. Composition of Sulfuric Acid, Oleum, and Liquid SO Sulfonating Reagents...

Oleum Ma.nufa.cture, To produce fuming sulfuric acid (oleum), SO is absorbed in one or more special absorption towers irrigated by recirculated oleum. Because of oleum vapor pressure limitations the amount of SO absorbed from the process gas is typically limited to less than 70%. Because absorption of SO is incomplete, gas leaving the oleum tower must be processed in a nonfuming absorption tower. 

Sulfonation. Benzene is converted iato benzenesulfonic acid [98-11-3] C H SO, upon reaction with fuming sulfuric acid (oleum) or chlorosulfonic acid. y -Benzenedisulfonic acid [98-48-6] CgHgS20, is prepared by reaction of benzene-sulfonic acid with oleum for 8 h at 85°C. Often under these conditions, appreciable quantities ofT -benzenedisulfonic acid [31375-02-7] are produced. 1,3,5-Benzenetrisulfonic acid [617-99-2] C H S Og, is produced by heating the disulfonic acid with oleum at 230°C (21). 

Lithium aluminum hydride Magnesium metal Nitric acid Oleum... 

Perfluoro-y-butyrolactone can be prepared from 1,4 diiodoperfluorobutane by reaction with turning sulfuric acid (oleum) [7S] (equation 19) The yield depends on the concentration of sulfur trioxide One of the by-products, 4-iodoperfluo-robutyryl fluoride, can be recycled to increase the overall yield of the lactone Pure sulfur trioxide generates only perfluorotetrahydrofuran, the lodo acyl fluoride, and perfluorosuccmyl fluoride... 

Fuming sulphuric acid (oleum) should be weighed in a Lunge-Ray pipette... 

Preparation of 2-nitro-2-methyl-1 -propanol-nitrate. 50g of the 2-nitro-2-methyl-1-propanol purified as above were sifted into a mixt of 58.5g of 90.5% nitric acid.and 241,5g of 103.1% sulfuric acid (oleum) while the well-agitated mixt was maintained close to 15°. Stirring was continued for 1 hour and the mixt allowed to stand for hour. No separation of the nitration product occurred and the mixt was poured over cracked ice. An oily layer separated. The mixt was transferred to a separatory funnel, washed with water, Na bicarbonate, and twice with water to neutrality. The separated diluted spent acid together with the washings were thoroughly extracted with ether, the ether extract washed to neutrality and added to the main product. 

The sulfonation of LAB can be carried out with concentrated sulfuric acid, oleum, or sulfur trioxide (S03). With the first two sulfonation reagents large quantities of waste sulfuric acid are obtained, which must be disposed of or processed further. Therefore the use of S03 is preferred. Special reactions were developed for sulfonation using S03 (Table 13). For sulfonation in batch pro-... 

The structures and stabilities of several 8 dications are well established. Red, yellow or blue solutions are obtained if sulfur is added to 803-contain-ing sulfuric acid (oleum). Gillespie et al. have suggested that the colours are due to the nonadecasulfur dication 819, octasulfur dication 8g, and tetra-... 

Nowadays, ultramarine-type pigments are produced synthetically. Inside the zeolite structure the highly reactive sulfur radical anions are well protected which explains the stability of the blue color over thousands of years in air. However, the species responsible for the blue color should not be confused with the sulfur radical cations responsible for the blue color of sulfur solutions in fuming sulfuric acid (oleum) and similar oxidizing mixtures... 

See 2,5-Dinitro-3-methylbenzoic acid Oleum, Sodium azide... 

Dilution of cone, sulfuric acid by water is vigorously exothermic and must be effected by adding acid to water to avoid local boiling. Mixtures of sulfuric acid and excess snow form powerful freezing mixtures. Fuming sulfuric acid (oleum, containing sulfur trioxide) reacts violently with water. 

Solutions of sulfur trioxide in cone, sulfuric acid (oleum) are available with various proportions of dissolved sulfur trioxide, and the 3 entries in Handling Chemicals Safely 1980 deal with the properties and hazards of solutions with 65, 30 and 20% of sulfur trioxide, respectively. As expected, the reactivity and oxidising power increase with the content of sulfur trioxide. 

Today, sulfuric acid is produced by a method known as the contact process in which S02 is oxidized to S03, which then reacts with water to give the acid. Oxidation of S02 requires a suitable catalyst such as spongy platinum or sodium vanadate. In many cases, S03 is dissolved in 98% sulfuric acid to produce disulfuric acid oleum], which can be shipped, diluted, and still give 100% sulfuric acid. The concentration of S03 varies from 10 to 70% in commercial oleum. 

Nitropropane Nitrosyl fluoride Nitrosyl perchlorate Nitrourea Nitrous acid Nitryl chloride Oxalic acid See under Nitromethane chlorosulfonic acid, oleum Haloalkenes, metals, nonmetals Acetones, amines, diethyl ether, metal salts, organic materials Mercury(II) and silver salts Phosphine, phosphorus trichloride, silver nitrate, semicarbazone Ammonia, sulfur trioxide, tin(IV) bromide and iodide Furfuryl alcohol, silver, mercury, sodium chlorate, sodium chlorite, sodium hypochlorite... 

Toluidines 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene 1,3,5-Trioxane Urea Vinylidene chloride Nitric acid Sodium dichromate, sulfuric acid Oxidizing materials, acids Sodium nitrite, phosphorus pentachloride Chlorosulfonic acid, nitric acid, oleum... 

LAS is produced by sulfonating LAB with either sulphuric acid, oleum or SO3 gas (Fig. 1.15). The first two methods were predominant in the market until the 1970s and, although still utilised in some places, they have been largely replaced by the most modem film sulfonation techniques using SO3 gas under various design possibilities [30],... 

With this last point in mind, the synthesis of mono-, bis- and tra-sulfonated triphenylphosphine will be described, but the same methodology can be applied to the preparation of other sulfonated arylphosphines. In general, these phosphines are made by direct sulfonation using fuming sulfuric acid (oleum) [21], The extent of sulfonation is determined by the SO3 strength, as well as factors such as the temperature and time of the reaction. The monosulfonated phosphine (tppms) is prepared using oleum of 20% SO3 strength, with typically 30% SO3 used... 

Fuming sulfuric acid (oleum) of 20% SO3 strength is suitable for preparation of monosulfonated products [1-3] while for multiple sulfonation 30% (or more) SO3 is required [4-10], The phosphine is dissolved in cold oleum with protonation of the phosphoms atom therefore in cases when the phenyl rings are directly attached to the phosphoms (e.g. triphenylphosphine or the bis(diphenylphosphino)alkanes) sulfonation takes place in the 3-position. 

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