Acid-citrate-dextrose

The discovery in 1900 of the existence of blood groups, together with improved understanding of the importance of sterile conditions, paved the way to modem blood transfusion therapy. In 1915, the feasibiUty of storage of whole blood was demonstrated. During World War I, the optimal concentration of citrate for use as an anticoagulant was determined. This anticoagulant was used until 1942, when the acid—citrate—dextrose (ACD) solution was developed. 

Various additive mixtures have been proposed for inclusion in blood collection tubes to prevent in vitro platelet activation. One formulation involves the use of a mixture of acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD, 1 5 dilution), 30 p-M acetylsalicylic acid... 

Acid citrate dextrose solution-A (ACD-A) 22.0 g/L sodium citrate (Na3C6H507 ... 

Human neutrophils are isolated from acid citrate dextrose solution-A anticoagulated human blood by the method described by Boyum (16) with modifications (17) as described in detail in Chapter 36 of this text. 

Acid Citrate Dextrose (ACD) Dissolve 2.1 g di-sodium hydrogen citrate and 2.5 g D-glucose in 50 mL of sterile distilled water, fdter (0.2 microns) and autoclave (at the relatively low temperature of 90°C, to prevent degradation of the glucose). Store at 4°C. 

Whole blood from donor animals should be collected into bags containing acid-citrate dextrose to give a 9 1 dilution, as described above for plasma. If possible, the blood should be used immediately but erythrocytes may remain viable in a refrigerator for as long as 3-4 weeks (Durham 1996). 

Bisphosphoglycerate is also responsible for the apparent change in hemoglobin (increased oxygen affinity) when blood is stored in an acid-citrate-dextrose medium. Under these conditions, glycolysis stops and the synthesis of BPG stops. However, the degradation of BPG continues, with a resultant drop in BPG concentration. The situation cannot be reversed by... 

Porter WC, Dees SM, Freitas JE, Dworkin HJ (1983) Acid-citrate-dextrose compared with heparin in the preparation of in vivo/in vitro technetimn-99m red blood cells. J Nucl Med 24 383-387 Prince JR, Bancroft S, Dukstein WG (1980) Pharmacokinetics of pertechnetate administered after pretreatment with 400 mg of potassium perchlorate concise commimication. J Nucl Med 21 763-766... 

Draw 2 ml of acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) solution and 3 ml of a sedimentation agent into each of four 20-ml plastic uouhepariuized syringes. 

Tromethamine is indicated for prevention and correction of system acidosis such as metabolic acidosis associated with cardiac bypass surgery the correction of acidity of acid citrate dextrose (ACD) blood in cardiac bypass surgery or cardiac arrest. 

Preparation of Washed Red Cells. Freshly drawn human blood, collected into acid citrate dextrose (ACD) anticoagulant, was centrifuged for 15 min at 630 X g, and the plasma and huffy coat were removed. The red cells were washed three times using 3-4 volumes of PBS, centrifuging between each wash at 2000 X g for 10 min. Packed red cells [hematocrit (HCT) about 90%] were added to appropriate volumes of fibrinogen solution (in PBS) to give the required hematocrit. 

Citrate intoxication, known to follow rapid transfusion of stored blood, is a common source of hypocalcemia in critically ill man and it has been recommended that calcium replacement therapy be undertaken only with close monitoring of ionic calcium with ion-selective electrodes [141]. The calcium ion-selective electrode has also been used [142] to morutor calcium ion levels in recipient s blood when it was observed that addition of calcium chloride to the circulation following administration of acid—citrate—dextrose blood caused a sharp rise and then a fall in the recipient s level of ionised calcium. 

The purpose of this study was to determine if any electrochemical parameters could be related to metabolic activity, to correlate these parameters with the age of stored RBC in acid citrate dextrose medium (ACD), and finally, to correlate the behavior of normal and diseased state cells. 

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