Absorption efficiency, exposed

It was found that that in the case of soft beta and X-ray radiation the IPs behave as an ideal gas counter with the 100% absorption efficiency if they are exposed in the middle of exposure range ( 10 to 10 photons/ pixel area) and that the relative uncertainty in measured intensity is determined primarily by the quantum fluctuations of the incident radiation (1). The thermal neutron absorption efficiency of the present available Gd doped IP-Neutron Detectors (IP-NDs) was found to be 53% and 69%, depending on the thicknes of the doped phosphor layer ( 85pm and 135 pm respectively). No substantial deviation in the IP response with the spatial variation over the surface of the IP was found, when irradiated by the homogeneous field of X-rays or neutrons and deviations were dominated by the incident radiation statistics (1). 

The absorption efficiency term allows estimation of the effective dose or the amount of pollutant which crosses the membrane of the exposed tissue (e.g., the lung) and reaches a target organ (e.g., the liver). For many pollutants this type of metabolic data is not available and consequently 100% absorption is a common preliminary assumption in exposure assessments. For well-studied substances such as radionuclides, a methodology for calculation of target organ doses has been developed for bone marrow, lungs, endosteal cells, stomach wall, lower intestine wall, thyroid, liver, kidney, testes and ovaries as well as for the total body. 

By withdrawing part of the limestone from the base of the absorber and reinjecting it into the top, the bed of limestone is kept in a porous condition and fresh surfaces are exposed to the gases. The absorption efficiency is understood to... 

Rafts are designed to restrict the surface area exposed to air so as to reduce oxygen absorption. They are subject to damage by direct waste contact and can achieve efficiencies of up to 90 percent. 

Wan also studied hydroxybenzyl alcohols based on the naphthalene chromo-phore.40 Naphthols 50 and 51 were both examined for their ability to photogenerate naphthoquinone methides 52 and 53, respectively (Eqs. 1.12 and 1.13). While 50 underwent very efficient photosolvolysis, presumably via naphthoquinone methide 52, 51 was essentially unreactive when exposed to light. The inability of 51 to photogenerate 53 is a rare example where the generality of the photodehydration of benzyl alcohols fails. LFP of 50 yielded a very strong visible absorption (A x = 410 and 700 nm) that decayed in aqueous acetonitrile with a lifetime of 34 ps (Fig. 1.2). This transient was assigned to naphthoquinone methide 52 due in part to its efficient quenching when the nucleophilic ethanolamine was added. 

We have to take into account these effects when the dyes are located in structurally inhomogeneous environments, for instance, in the core and on the surface of a nanoparticle. If their core is low-polar and the surface is exposed to an aqueous solvent, we will observe that the energy flow is directed to the dyes located at the surface. It is because their absorption and emission spectra are shifted to the red due to the fact that they are more efficient as FRET acceptors. 

Diarrhoea associated with deranged motility. In order for nutrients and water to be efficiently absorbed, the intestinal contents must be adequately exposed to the mucosal epithelium and retained long enough to allow absorption. Disorders in motility that accelerate transit time can decrease absorption, resulting in diarrhoea. Alterations in intestinal motility (usually increased propulsion) are observed in many types of diarrhoea. What is not usually clear, and is very difficult to demonstrate, is whether primary alterations in motility are the cause of diarrhoea or simply an effect. 

Exhaust air from primary containment devices (fume hoods, safety cabinets or other) shall be appropriately treated by filtration using a high efficiency particulate air filter (HEPA), or by adsorption, absorption, reaction, incineration, or dilution used individually or in an appropriate combination. If HEPA or charcoal filters are used, these must be installed and operated to permit decontamination, maintenance, and replacement without exposing personnel or causing contamination of the environment. 

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