Abbe-Zeiss

An instrument of the Zeiss Abbe type is now made in England, and is fully. equal in every respect to the German instrument. 

Butyro-refractometer Reading. -The Zeiss butyro-rcfractometer, here described (see Fig. f>), is l modification of the ordinary Abb[Pg.36]

Figure 3.28 Ernst Abbe, who developed the Abbe sine condition—a design specification derived from wave theory for ensuring good image quality in microscopes. He also transformed the Zeiss optical company into the Carl Zeiss Foundation in 1889. The greatness of this company was not only in the quality of its optical products, but equally in the care it took of its workers at a time when exploitation and oppressive poverty were the rule. (Courtesy of the Carl Zeiss Archives.)...

Figure 3.29 Otto Friedrich Schott, who along with Zeiss and Abbe established the Technical Glass Laboratory of Schott and Co. in Jena in 1884. He was also a partner in the Zeiss optical company. (Published with permission from the Deutsches Museum, Munich.)...

Otto Schott (1851-1935), Ernst Abbe (1840-1905), Carl Zeiss, and Roderick Zeiss established the Glastechnisches Laboratorium Schott und Genossen, which later became the Jenaer Glaswerk Schott und Gen and in 1952 the Schott Glaswerke. This company is now the leading European glass company. 

Abbe, Ernst (1840-1905) was a professor of optics who worked with Schott, the glassmaker, and Zeiss, the lensmaker, in Jena. 

The sulfonate concentration in the microemulsion was determined from the equilibrated microemulsion phase volume and the known weight of sulfonate in the system the assumption that the microemulsion phase contained all of the sulfonate was justified for all microemulsions. The volume fractions of oil and brine in the microemulsion were determined from the excess volumes of oil and brine, respectively. The microemulsion density and index of refraction needed to calculate the specific refraction (Eq. (1)) were measured on a Mettler-Paar DMA 40 digital density meter with accuracy of 0.0001 g/cm and a Zeiss Abbe refractometer ( 0.0001), respectively the temperature was controlled with an Exacal 100 and Endocal 150 constant temperature circulator-baths connected in series. Interfacial tensions between the microemulsion and equilibrated excess phases were measured on a University of Texas Spinning Drop Tensiometer or a Spinning Drop Tensiometer from S S Instrument Mfg. measurements were carried out until equilibrium values were obtained as indicated by constant readings over a period of at least 1 hour. 

In the late nineteenth century. Dr Ernst Abbe and Dr Carl Zeiss worked together to create one of the world s foremost precision optics companies. The Abbe principle resulted in observations about measurement errors. 

Where a great number of samples have to be tested expeditiously, the Abbe refractometer or the Zeiss butyro-refractometer may be recommended on account of the ease with which they are manipulated. The most usual temperature of observations is 60 C. 

The investment of resources by Schott and its employees to produce the Schott Series is, as already stated, necessary for the interdisciplinary dialogue and collaboration that are traditional at Schott. A model we still find exemplary today of a fruitful dialogue between fundamental research, glass research, and glass manufacture was achieved in the collaboration of Ernst Abbe, Otto Schott, and Carl Zeiss. It resulted in the manufacture of optical microscopes that realized in practice the maximum theoretically achievable resolution. It was especially such experiences that shaped the formulation of the founding statute of the Carl Zeiss Foundation, and the initiative for the Schott Series is in accord with the commitment expressed in the founding statute to promote methodical scientific studies . 

The aniline p.a. (Merck) was fresh distilled, and the solvents were purified by known methods [58]. The refractive indices n, were determined with an Abbe refractometer, of the G type, for the yellow sodium light. The dielectric constants, D, were evaluated with an Oehme apparatus of 600 RL Type, and together with the n s and the boiling points, b.p. as purity criteria, are given in Table 1. The temperature was maintained constant with an Ultrathermostat U 10, at 20- 0.1 . The spectra were recorded with a S RECORD UV-VIS spectrophotometer, Carl Zeiss, 3ena, having an accuracy... 

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