A Functional Model

Kainer R. A functional model of the rat kidney. J Math Biol 1979 7 57-94. Kassissia IG, Goresky CA, Rose CP, Schwab AJ, Simard A, Huet PM, Bach GG. Tracer oxygen distribution is barrier-limited in the cerebral microcirculation. Circ Res 1995 77 1201-11. 

Collman JP, Fu L, Herrmann PC, Zhang X. 1997. A functional model related to C3ftochrome c oxidase and its electrocatal34ic four-electron reduction of O2. Science 275 949. 

Collman JP, Sunderland CJ, Berg KE, Vance MA, Solomon El. 2003c. Spectroscopic evidence for a heme-superoxide/Cu(I) intermediate in a functional model of cytochrome c oxidase. J Am Chem Soc 125 6648. 

Fig. 6.22 A function model of the sodium channel. P denotes protein, S the potential sensitive sensor and H the gate. The negative sign marks the carboxylate group where the guanidine group of tetro-dotoxin can be attached. (According to B. Hille)...

Corwin, D.L., Waggoner, B.L. and Rhoades, J.D. (1991) A Functional Model of Solute Transport that Accounts for Bypass, J. Environ. Qual. 20, 647-658. 

Itoh et al. used Cu yd-diketiminato complexes with general formula 4, and their reactivity has been described as a functional model for pMMO (particulate methane monooxygenase). Initially, the Hgands were reacted with both Cu and Cu precursors, with a variety of species formed, depending on the specific conditions employed [111, 112]. It was then shown that both Cu and Cu complexes ultimately led to bis(/z-oxo)(Cu )2 species upon reaction with O2 and H2O2, respectively. Use of these Cu complexes as the pre-catalysts for the oxidation of alkanes (cyclohexane and adamantane) in the presence of H2O2 resulted in low yields ( 20%). 

Fukuzumi and Itoh have jointly reported on a if-peroxo dicop-per(ll) complex that acts as a functional model for the phenolase activity of tyrosinase. lithium salts of para-substituted phenols were used as substrates, reaching yields between 60 and 90% with only the catechol product formed... 

For a large class of signals, therefore, the sine-wave analysis/synthesis is nearly a perceptual identity system and the signals are expressed in terms of a functional model describing the behavior of each of its sine-wave components. The sine-wave representation therefore provides an appropriate framework for developing signal modification and enhancement techniques based on transforming each of the functional descriptors. 

Figure 3-24. A zinc(ii) complex which acts as a functional model for the hydride transfer reaction which occurs at the active site of the enzyme liver alcohol dehydrogenase.

A (generally intermolecular) system that carries out the reaction concerned without the binding characteristics of the enzyme. This may be termed a functional model. 

From your reading of Chapters 2 and 12, suggest desirable characteristics that might be exhibited by (a) a structural model and (b) a functional model for haemoglobin. 

Liu, J. G., Naruta, Y., Tani, F., A functional model of the cytochrome c oxidase active site Unique conversion of a heme-mu-peroxo-Cu-II intermediate into heme-superoxo/Cu-I. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 1836-1840. 

Murakami et al. [19] developed an additional vitamin B6 model system with a binding site. They synthesized an octopus cyclophane (27) as a functional model of the protein matrix of transaminase. This cyclophane formed a hydrophobic cavity in water where PLP could be noncovalendy incorporated. Alkylamines having various hydro-phobic chains were employed as substrates, in place of a-amino adds, to evaluate the hydrophobic effect on the Schiff base-forming equilibrium. The Schiff base formation constant was found to depend markedly on the chain length of a substrate in the presence of 27, indicating that the octopus cyclophane can be utilized as an effective ho-loenzyme model capable of forming a ternary complex. 

Limburg J, Vrettos JS, Liable-Sands LM, Rheingold AL, Crabtree RH, Brudvig GW. A functional model for 0-0 bond formation by the O2 evolving complex in photosystem II. Science. 1999 283(5407) 1524-7. 

A Functional Model for Copper Monooxygenases and the NIH Shift Mechanism... 

A Functional Model for 0-0 Bond Formation by the 02-Evolving Complex in Photosystem II , Julian Limburg, John S. Vrettos, Louise M. Liable-Sands, Arnold L. Rheingold, Robert H. Crabtree and Gary W. Brudvig (1999) Science 283, 1524-1527. 

The binuclear Cu/Co compound (17-F-VI) acts as a functional model for cytochrome c oxidase. The natural enzyme contains a copper atom coordinated to... 

FIGURE 7. A functional model for galactose oxidase (Wang et cd., 1998). 

Develop a Functional Model of the System (Function Diagram)... 

The control of normal motor behaviour is under influence of the basal ganglia through a so-called reinforcing basal ganglia-thalamocortical motor circuit . Based on current data from a variety of experimental fields, a functional model of this motor circuit has been proposed, as depicted, greatly simplified, in Figure 1.2. 

The first use of a porphyrin as a functional model for cytochrome P-450 was the seminal work of the group of Groves [296] in which an Fe(III) porphyrin was used with lodosylbenzene. The success of this early work led to the development of what has been described as three generations of catalysts [521], and here expanded to four generations, based on metallotetraarylporphyrins which differ on the degree of substitution in the rings (Fig. 1.23). 

K. Chen, L. Que Jr., czs-Dlhydroxylation of olefins by a nonheme iron catalyst. A functional model for Rieske dioxygenases, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 38 (1999) 2227. 

Fig. 6. Cytochrome bS59 photooxidation in spinach chioropiasts (A), photoreduction in TSF2a particles (B) and in D1/D2/Cyt bS59 complex (C). See text for discussion. Figure (A) from Knaff and Arnon (1969) Light-induced oxidation of chloroplast b-type cytochrome at-189 °C. Proc Nat Acad Sci, USA 63 959, 960 (B) Ke, Vernon and Cheney (1972) Photoreduction of cytochrome b5S9 in a photosystem-ll subchloroplast particle. Biochim Biophys Acta 256 350 (C) Barber and De Las Rivas (1993) A functional model for the role of cytochrome (3559 in the protection against donor and acceptor side photoinhibition. Proc Nat Acad Sci, USA 90 10943, 10944.

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