A, fine structure constant

The sensitivity of electronic configurations to gravitational fields offers an immediate explanation of the enormously different red shifts of light emitted by a quasar and by less massive objects, physically associated with the quasar. The furore [106] over the anomalous Fraunhofer lines of common metals in a quasar corona could also be defused by the conclusion that the electron configurations of elements within the quasar, and hence their spectroscopic properties, differ from their laboratory equivalents. The observed shifts are therefore not due to a fine-structure constant changing with time, but to the response of electronic energy levels to high pressure. 

Here a is a fine-structure constant, Ty stands for the lifetime broadening of final state and denotes the photon energy. 

Here, k = 2nlS M-q magnetic constant c - electromagnetic constant a - fine structure constant. 

In principle, one should write Ze j he instead of Z/c. The dimensionless constant jftc 1/137 is known as a fine structure constant, in atomic units (e = 1, = 1 see Chapter 4), it equals f. 

Constants of the ground state and the v = 1 vibrational state were measured using a tunable IR diode laser in the range of the fundamental vibration band and the Zeeman modulation of the absorption lines. The true values depend on the unobserved state. From line positions, only effective B values, defined as B (2ri3 ) = Bv(1 + Bv/A) (A = fine structure constant, see p. 68) can be deduced [1,4], from which the following constants were derived [4] taking A = -177.3cm"i [1] ... 

In the case of electromagnetic interaction, the smallness is measured by that of the fine-structure constant a = 1/137. 

This formula for hydrogenlike atoms with nuclear charge Z, is often formulated in terms of the dimensionless fine-structure constant a = 4Tre0hc/e2 as... 

A convenient measure of the importance of relativistic corrections is given by the ratio Aei of Z to the fine-structure constant (e2/(hc) — 137, a dimensionless ratio of fundamental physical constants)... 

R.R. Nair, P. Blake, A.N. Grigorenko, K.S. Novoselov, T.J. Booth, T. Stauber, et al., Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene, Science, 320 (2008) 1308. 

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