A- -acrylic acid

Asymmetric Hydrogenation. Asymmetric hydrogenation with good enantio-selectivity of unfunctionalized prochiral alkenes is difficult to achieve.144 145 Chiral rhodium complexes, which are excellent catalysts in the hydrogenation of activated multiple bonds (first, in the synthesis of a-amino acids by the reduction of ol-N-acylamino-a-acrylic acids), give products only with low optical yields.144 146-149 The best results ( 60% ee) were achieved in the reduction of a-ethylstyrene by a rhodium catalyst with a diphosphinite ligand.150 Metallocene complexes of titanium,151-155 zirconium,155-157 and lanthanides158 were used in recent studies to reduce the disubstituted C—C double bond with medium enantioselectivity. 

Figure 2. Experimental results from Run 2, Table I. Key X, temperature measured propylene , acrolein A> acrylic acid and CO and CO,.

Fig. 8 Yield in COOH groups (a) and OH groups (b) in dependence on the composition of the precursor mixture and the types of comonomers (a - acrylic acid + ethylene or butadiene b - allylal-cohol + ethylene or butadiene or styrene)...

TABLE 1. Physical properties of derivatized polybutadiene diol containing a acrylic acid termini. 

Scheme 2 (a) Acrylic acid, EtjN (b) PhS02NH2, ArCHO, DABCO (c) TFA-CH2CI2 (1 19). 

Chabukswar V. V., Pethkar S., and Athawale A. A., Acrylic acid doped polyaniline as an ammonia sensor,. Sens. Actuators B, 77, 657-663, 2001. 

Giri, A.,Bhunia, T, Mishra, S., Goswami, L., Panda, A. B., Pal, S., and Bandyopad-hyay, A. Acrylic acid grafted guar gum-nanosilica membranes for transdermal diclofenac delivery. Carbohydr. Polym., ht //dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.08.035... 

Fig. 17. pH Dependence of zeta-potendal for polyethylene grafted with water-soluble monomers. before grafting O acrylamide A acrylic acid... 

Figure 2 Effect of equimolar amo-unts of itaconic acid (A), acrylic acid (b), and methacrylic acid C upon surfactant-free emulsion polymerization of styrene at 70 U (33). 

The Wittig-Horner olefination can also be achieved in aqueous heterogeneous media (Rambaud et ai, 1984). Thus ( )-vinylphosphonates were prepared in good yields from aldehydes and tetraethylmethylene diphospho-nate in boiling water. Ethyl (diethylphosphono)acetates are alkylated in the same conditions providing in one pot a-acrylic acid esters (Kirschleger and Queignec, 1986) ... 

Fig. 3.11 Water-in-oil microemulsion regions (schematic) of a acrylic acid/sodium acrylamidostearate/H20 and b methyl methacrylate/acrylic acid/sodium aciylaniidostearate/H20...

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