14C-atrazine

Bakke, J.E., R.H. Shimabukuro, K.L. Davison, and G.L. Lamoureux. 1972b. Sheep and rat metabolism of the insoluble 14C-residues present in 14C-atrazine-treated sorghum. Chemosphere 1 21-24. 

Khan, S.U., S. Kacew, and S.J. Molnar. 1985. Bioavailability in rats of bound 14C residues from corn plants treated with [14C] atrazine. Jour. Agric. Food Chem. 33 712-717. 

Edginton, A.N. and Rouleau, C. (2005) Toxicokinetics of 14C-atrazine and its metabolites in stage-66 Xenopus laevis. Environ Sci Technol, 39, 8083-8089. 

Atrazine MAA/EGDMA Dichloromethane [ring-U-14C] Atrazine 0.1-100 pmol L"1 [47]... 

Lamoureux et al. (1973) reported on the timeline for metabolism of atrazine in sorghum initially grown in treated nutrient solution. Plants were placed in 14C-atrazine-treated nutrient solution for 2 days when seedlings were 22 days old. A portion of the plants were harvested after 2 days of treatment, and most were placed in atrazine-free nutrient solution and harvested in several time intervals up to 30 days after initial treatment. Injection studies were performed... 

Larson, J.D. (1993). 14C-Atrazine Nature of the Residue in Sugarcane. Submitted to USEPA. 

Bound triazine residues are very resistant to decomposition. Nine years after application of 14C-atrazine to soil, about 50% of the 14C was still present in the bound form in humic materials (Capriel et al., 1985). Of this bound 14C-atrazine, hydroxyatrazine, deethylhydroxyatrazine, and deisopropylhydroxyatrazine could be detected in measurable quantities. Khan and Behki (1990) conducted a laboratory study showing that a Pseudomonas spp. could release bound 14C residues from soil treated with 14C-atrazine. 

Figure 22.3 TMn layer chromatograph of (U-ring 14C) atrazine degradation products of pMDl and pMD4.a aThe silica gel plate was developed in chloroform methanohformic acid water (74 20 4 2 v/v). Metabolites were visualized by phosphor imaging.

Perkovich, B.S., T.A. Anderson, E.L. Kruger, and J.R. Coats (1996). Enhanced mineralization of (14C)atrazine in Kochia scoparia rhizospheric soil from a pesticide-contaminated site. Pestic. Sci., 46 391-396. 

In most column-leaching studies, the bulk of triazines remain near the soil surface. For instance, Kruger et al. (1993) found that in a 60-cm column of Iowa soil taken from a held with no previous pesticide history, approximately 1.2% of the 14C-atrazine was recovered in leachate over a 12-week period. By the end of the experiment, 77% of the 14C applied remained in the upper 10 cm of soil, and bound residue was the primary component. Both atrazine and degradation products (DIA > HA > DEA > DEHA > DIHA) were found in the top 10 cm of surface soil. 

Two months after application of 14C-atrazine to a sandy loam soil, 14C-labeled atrazine, DEA, DIA, and HA were detected at the 30- to 40-cm depth, but were not found in deeper soil layers (Sorenson et al., 1993). Twelve months after application of 14C-atrazine to a silt loam soil, 14C-labeled atrazine, DEA, DIA, and HA were detected at the 70-to 80-cm depth (Sorenson et al., 1995). One month after application of 14C-atrazine to a clay loam soil, 14C-labeled atrazine and HA were detected at the 70- to 80-cm depth (Sorenson et al., 1994). No DEA was observed at this depth until 16 months after application, and DIA was never detected. 

Kruger, E.L., L. Somasundaram, R.S. Kanwar, and J.R. Coats (1993). Movement and degradation of [14C]atrazine in undisturbed soil columns. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 12 1969-1975. 

Sorenson, B.A., D.L. Wyse, W.C. Koskinen, D.D. Buhler, W.E. Lueschen, and M.D. Jorgenson (1993). Formation and movement of 14C-atrazine degradation products in a sandy loam soil under field conditions. Weed Sci., 41 239-245. 

Gorge, G., Nagel, R. (1990) Kinetics and mechanism of 14C-lindane and 14C-atrazine in early life stages of zebra fish (Brachdanio rerio). Chemosphere 21, 1125-1137. 

FIGURE 14.8 Comparison of data acquired by AMS and LSC from urine of a single subject collected after dermal dose of 14C-atrazine. Error bars represent the standard deviation for replicate measurements of each sample (IV > 4). (Adapted from Gilman, S.D. et al., Anal. Chem., 70, 3463, 1998. With permission.)... 

Sample Rvtractinn Methods. Solid-phase recovery of atrazine and simazine on C18 columns proved to be convenient and efficient, using the method described above. Recovery of atrazine as a function of sample volume was assessed by gas chromatography. As Table II indicates, quantitative recovery of a 200 ng spike was achieved for samples of up to 1 liter. Efflciemy was measured by recovery of [14C]atrazine, as well as by gas chromatography (using a nitrogen-phosphorus detector). The results, summarized in Table III, indicate that recovery is nearly 100% frcm 0.1 to 100 ppb. 

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