Zirconia dental implants

Wenz, H.J., Bartsch, J., Wolfart, S. and Kem, M. (2008) Osseointegration and clinical success of zirconia dental implants a systematic review. International Journal of Prosthodontics,... 

Stefanic, M., Krnel, K., Pribosic, I., and Kosmac, T. (2012) Rapid biomimetic deposition of octacalcium phosphate coatings on zirconia ceramics (Y-TZP) for dental implant application. Appl. Surf. Sci., 258 (10), 4649-4656. 

Considerable development has occurred on sintered ceramics as bone substitutes. Sintered ceramics, such as alumina-based ones, are uru eactive materials as compared to CBPCs. CBPCs, because they are chemically synthesized, should perform much better as biomaterials. Sintered ceramics are fabricated by heat treatment, which makes it difficult to manipulate their microstructure, size, and shape as compared to CBPCs. Sintered ceramics may be implanted in place but cannot be used as an adhesive that will set in situ and form a joint, or as a material to fill cavities of complicated shapes. CBPCs, on the other hand, are formed out of a paste by chemical reaction and thus have distinct advantages, such as easy delivery of the CBPC paste that fills cavities. Because CBPCs expand during hardening, albeit slightly, they take the shape of those cavities. Furthermore, some CBPCs may be resorbed by the body, due to their high solubility in the biological environment, which can be useful in some applications. CBPCs are more easily manufactured and have a relatively low cost compared to sintered ceramics such as alumina and zirconia. Of the dental cements reviewed in Chapter 2 and Ref. [1], plaster of paris and zinc phosphate... 

Furthermore, PMMA-Ca0-Si02 nanohybrid materials were shown to be suitable for bone cement and dental composite resin applications, due to their good bioactivity and improved mechanical properties [363]. PDMS-zirconia nanohybrids were proposed as suitable materials for tissue-implant integration purposes because they have beneficial effects on the proliferation and viability of human primary osteoblast and fibroblast cells and thus can be used as promising coatings for orthopedic trauma implants [364]. 

It is likely that cordierite, titanate and zirconate ceramics will record the most rapid rates of growth, due to their uses in environmental systems, medical products, electronic components, and household appUances. A continued expansion in electronic component shipments will provide opportunities for titanate per-ovskites and other ceramics. Nonetheless, cordierite, titanates and other ceramics will undoubtedly benefit from a continued, environmentally driven trend to reduce the amounts of particulates, nitrogen oxides (NO,), and sulfur oxides that are released into the atmosphere. Technological advances in the medical product market will also provide many opportunities, notably for monohthic ceramics such as alumina and zirconia used for femoral balls in hip endoprostheses, as well as biocompatible hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate coatings for the metal stems of hip implants (see also Chapter 10). Likewise, dental ceramics wiU continue to experience high growth rates through 2010. 

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