Yttrium and Titanium

Similarly, impervious yttria-stabilized zirconia membranes doped with titania have been prepared by the electrochemical vapor deposition method [Hazbun, 1988]. Zirconium, yttrium and titanium chlorides in vapor form react with oxygen on the heated surface of a porous support tube in a reaction chamber at 1,100 to 1,300 C under controlled conditions. Membranes with a thickness of 2 to 60 pm have been made this way. The dopant, titania, is added to increase electron How of the resultant membrane and can be tailored to achieve the desired balance between ionic and electronic conductivity. Brinkman and Burggraaf [1995] also used electrochemical vapor deposition to grow thin, dense layers of zirconia/yttria/terbia membranes on porous ceramic supports. Depending on the deposition temperature, the growth of the membrane layer is limited by the bulk electrochemical transport or pore diffusion. 

Mono Cp zirconium, yttrium, and titanium complexes have also been employed, which typically give 50—60% trans rings. The catalyst formed from CpZrCls gives polymer with 80% trans rings, (a) Cavallo, L. Guerra, G. Corradini, P. Resconi, L. Waymouth, R. M. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 260—267. (b) Schaverien, C. J. Organometalllcs 1994, 13, 69—82. (c) Jeremic,... 

Not only is Wohler known for making the first organic chemical outside of a living cell, he also discovered the elements beryllium (independently discovered by Antoine Bussy), silicon, aluminum, yttrium, and titanium. In case that wasn t enough to cement his position in the annals of chemistry, he also discovered that meteorites contained organic compounds and developed a process to purify nickel. 

Certain et al. reported the results of Ni-ion irradiation tests on 14 YWT at —75,100, 300, 450, and 600°C [107]. The analysis shows that the Y-Ti-0 oxide clusters were dissolved into a solid solution at only —75°C irradiation up to 100 dpa, somewhat similar to the dissolution of the initial yttrium and titanium oxide particles dissolution... 

Scandium is a silver-white metal which develops a slightly yellowish or pinkish cast upon exposure to air. A relatively soft element, scandium resembles yttrium and the rare-earth metals more than it resembles aluminum or titanium. 

Small amounts of yttrium (0.1 to 0.2%) can be used to reduce the grain size in chromium, molybdenum, zirconium, and titanium, and to increase strength of aluminum and magnesium alloys. 

Jhe distribution of beryllium, boron, titanium, vanadium, chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, germanium, tin, molybdenum, yttrium, and lanthanum in the principal coal-producing beds of the Interior Province has been studied by the U. S. Geological Survey. Data, methods of sampling, and analyses are discussed by Zubovic and others (II, 12). This chapter discusses the occurrence of 13 of these elements with respect to geological and geochemical environments of coal deposition and chemical properties of the elements. Zinc and tin are not included in this study because they were detected in only a few samples. 

To date no tetrazole complexes appear to have been reported for the following triads scandium, yttrium, and lanthanum titanium, zirconium, and hafnium and vanadium, niobium, and tantalum. 

Lead was found frequently at the 0-10 /xg/cm2 level in many old papers, possibly picked up from processing equipment. The wt % of the 325 /xg/cm2 of lead as the chromate, PbCr04 (8), found in the Amies yellow paper, basis weight 0.92 g/dm2, is 325/0.92 X 01 = 3.5%. Antimony appeared randomly at the 0-2-/xg/cm2 level. Other elements found but not plotted were titanium, cerium, cesium, gallium, mercury, rubidium, strontium, vanadium, yttrium, and zirconium. 

Fundamental studies have been reported using the cationic liquid ion exchanger di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid in the extraction of uranium from wet-process phosphoric acid (H34), yttrium from nitric acid solution (Hll), nickel and zinc from a waste phsophate solution (P9), samarium, neodymium, and cerium from their chloride solutions (12), aluminum, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, nickel, molybdenum, selenium, thorium, titanium, yttrium, and zinc (Lll), and in the formation of iron and rare earth di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid polymers (H12). Other cationic liquid ion exchangers that have been used include naphthenic acid, an inexpensive carboxylic acid to separate copper from nickel (F4), di-alkyl phosphate to recover vanadium from carnotite type uranium ores (M42), and tributyl phosphate to separate rare earths (B24). 

The biological pump influences, to varying degrees, the distribution of many elements in seawater besides carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon. Barium, cadmium, germanium, zinc, nickel, iron, selenium, yttrium, and many of the REEs show depth distributions that very closely resemble profiles of the major nutrients. Additionally, beryllium, scandium, titanium, copper, zirconium, and radium have profiles where concentrations increase with depth, although the correspondence of these profiles with nutrient profiles is not as tight (Nozaki, 1997). 

Atomic absorption spectra of vanadium, titanium, niobium, scandiiun, yttrium, and rhenium in the fuel-rich oxy-acetylene flame and spectra of the lanthanides were studied by Fassel and Mossotti (FI, Mil). The use of the flame as a line source for the study of atomic absorption spectra of europium, thulium, and ytterbium was shown by Skogerboe and Woodriff (S2). 

The H NMR spectra (471, 472) of yttrium, lutetium, and titanium derivatives are consistent with structures in which the oxygen atom of the enolate bonds to the metal center. Resonances due to the =CH group appear as doublets of doublets. The signals due to the =CH2 protons appears as two doublets... 

The parent oxacalix[3]arenes show little ability to bind alkali metals, however, a range of quaternary ammonium cations are attracted to the symmetric cavity [4]. Deprotonation of the phenol moieties allows them to bind to transition metals (scandium, titanium, vanadium, rhodium, molybdenum, gold etc.) [5-7], lanthanides (lutetium, yttrium and lanthanum) [8,9] and actinides (uranium, as uranyl)... 

Yttrium was found to be effective for signal compensation in the detection of boron and titanium in human blood using axial-view ICP optical emission spectrometry (Garavaglia et al. 2002). 

Eh, and the formation of mobile complexes from accumulating minerals, such as the enrichment of yttrium. To classify tectonic settings of volcanic rocks which have metamorphosed into zeolites it is recommended to constmct a diagram showing the content of yttrium, zirconium and titanium (Gmelin etal. 1980, 1988). 

We have found tantalum to be especially suitable for synthetic reactions and equilibrations involving elements and their reduced halides which lie to the left of group V in the periodic table, namely the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals scandium, yttrium, and the lanthanides titanium, zirconium, hafnium, thorium, and uranium. Tantalum and niobium are also uniquely suitable containers for the syntheses of their own lowest halides, for example, Ta6Br14 3 and CsNb6In.4 Tantalum containers have been extensively employed for the synthesis of halides, but reduced compounds of some other nonmetals, some oxides, for example, perhaps can be handled as well. 

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