Xenobiotic agents

Due to a nascent understanding of the use and interpretation of biomarkers, implementation of biomarkers as tools of exposure in the general population is very limited. A biomarker of exposure is a xenobiotic substance or its metabolite(s), or the product of an interaction between a xenobiotic agent and some target molecule(s) or cell(s) that is measured within a compartment of an organism (NAS/NRC 1989). The preferred biomarkers of exposure are generally the substance itself or substance-specific metabolites in readily obtainable body fluid(s) or excreta. However, several factors can confound the use and... 

Develop Peptoid Shuttles for Intracellular Import of Xenobiotic Agents... 

Roth, R. A. et al. Is exposure to bacterial endotoxin a determinant of susceptibility to intoxication from xenobiotic agents Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 147, 300, 1997. 

Ganey, P. E. and Roth R.A. Concurrent inflammation as a determinant of susceptibility to toxicity from xenobiotic agents. Toxicology 169, 195, 2001. 

Although the emphasis is on drugs, the same principles apply to any xenobiotic agent. The major difference between drugs and other xenobiotics such as environmental toxins is the dose. The dose of common drugs is usually on the order of 100 mg/day and can be more than a gram a day in contrast, exposure to most other xenobiotics is typically much lower. 

The diffusion of a xenobiotic agent depends both on its chemical and physical properties ... 

A biomarker of exposure is a xenobiotic substance or its metabolite(s) or the product of an interaction between a xenobiotic agent and some target molecule or cell that is measured within a compartment of an organism (NAS/NRC 1989). The preferred biomarkers of exposure are generally... 

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